Ultrasonography of the elbow

Ultrasonography (US) of the elbow is an increasingly utilized modality for a variety of diagnoses. US is advantageous in many cases because of the ability to perform a dynamic examination while obtaining patient feedback. Furthermore, US is cost effective, widely available, and beautifully demonstrates superficial soft tissue structures. Finally, US is an excellent option for patients whose studies are degraded by motion artifact or those with claustrophobia concerns. The most common pathologies about the elbow are discussed in this article, including partial- and full-thickness tears of the biceps and triceps tendons, common extensor and flexor tendinosis, medial and lateral epicondylitis, radial and ulnar collateral ligament tears, ulnar nerve entrapment, cubital or olecranon bursitis, joint effusions, and intra-articular bodies. Relevant anatomy is detailed as it pertains to sonographic evaluation and appearance. In addition, specific imaging techniques and positions are described for optimum visualization of the various structures around the elbow because US is highly operator dependent.