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Related Concept Videos

Transducer Mechanism: G Protein–Coupled Receptors01:30

Transducer Mechanism: G Protein–Coupled Receptors

G Protein–Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) are membrane-bound receptors that transiently associate with heterotrimeric G proteins and induce an appropriate response to various stimuli. GPCRs regulate critical physiological pathways and are excellent drug targets for treating diseases such as diabetes, cancer, obesity, depression, or Alzheimer's. Nearly 35% of approved drugs implement their therapeutic effects by selectively interacting with specific GPCRs.
GPCRs are also called heptahelical, 7TM, or...
Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors01:27

Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors

Enzyme-linked receptors are cell-surface receptors acting as an enzyme or associating with an enzyme intracellularly. They make excellent drug targets. Drugs can bind to the extracellular ligand-binding domain or directly affect their enzymatic domain and alter their activity.
Major types that are helpful drug targets include:
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases01:26

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases

Receptor tyrosine kinases or RTKs are membrane-bound receptors that phosphorylate specific tyrosine on protein substrates. RTKs regulate cellular growth, differentiation, survival, and migration. They contain an extracellular ligand binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and a cytosolic tail with intrinsic kinase activity. Several extracellular signaling molecules activate RTKs in one or more ways and relay the signal downstream. Ligands such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) or...
Signal Transduction: Overview01:26

Signal Transduction: Overview

Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. They respond to chemical signals, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules, initiating a series of molecular reactions to produce an appropriate response. This is called signal transduction. Cells also coordinate different responses elicited by the same signaling molecule via mediators, allowing molecular cross-talk.
Typically, signal transduction involves three...
Types of Receptors: Cell Surface Receptors01:28

Types of Receptors: Cell Surface Receptors

Cell-surface receptors, also known as transmembrane receptors, are cell surface, membrane-anchored (integral) proteins that bind to external ligand molecules. This type of receptor spans the plasma membrane and performs signal transduction, converting an extracellular signal into an intracellular signal. Ligands that interact with cell-surface receptors do not have to enter the cell that they affect. Cell-surface receptors are also called cell-specific proteins or markers because they are...
G Protein-coupled Receptors01:15

G Protein-coupled Receptors

G Protein-Coupled Receptors or GPCRs are membrane-bound receptors that transiently associate with heterotrimeric G proteins and induce an appropriate response to sensory stimuli such as light, odors, hormones, cytokines, or neurotransmitters.
GPCRs are also called heptahelical, 7TM, or serpentine receptors, and consist of seven (H1-H7) transmembrane alpha-helices that span the bilayer to form a cylindrical core. The transmembrane helices are connected by three extracellular loops and three...

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Related Experiment Video

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Screening Bioactive Nanoparticles in Phagocytic Immune Cells for Inhibitors of Toll-like Receptor Signaling
09:51

Screening Bioactive Nanoparticles in Phagocytic Immune Cells for Inhibitors of Toll-like Receptor Signaling

Published on: July 26, 2017

Toll-like receptors.

Kiyoshi Takeda1, Shizuo Akira2

  • 1Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.

Current Protocols in Immunology
|April 25, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Mammalian Toll receptors (TLR1-10) are crucial for innate immunity, recognizing microorganisms and initiating immune responses. This review covers their roles, signaling pathways, and available detection antibodies.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Toll receptors are key components of the innate immune system.
  • Mammalian Toll receptors (TLRs) are involved in recognizing microbial patterns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the important roles of mammalian Toll receptors (TLR1-10).
  • To discuss TLR-mediated signaling pathways.
  • To highlight available antibodies for TLR detection.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of mammalian Toll receptors.
  • Summary of TLR signaling mechanisms.
  • Overview of immunological detection methods.

Main Results:

  • Identification of crucial roles for TLRs in innate immune recognition.

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Detection of Neu1 Sialidase Activity in Regulating TOLL-like Receptor Activation
09:04

Detection of Neu1 Sialidase Activity in Regulating TOLL-like Receptor Activation

Published on: September 7, 2010

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 5, 2026

Screening Bioactive Nanoparticles in Phagocytic Immune Cells for Inhibitors of Toll-like Receptor Signaling
09:51

Screening Bioactive Nanoparticles in Phagocytic Immune Cells for Inhibitors of Toll-like Receptor Signaling

Published on: July 26, 2017

A Macrophage Reporter Cell Assay to Examine Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated NF-kB/AP-1 Signaling on Adsorbed Protein Layers on Polymeric Surfaces
07:55

A Macrophage Reporter Cell Assay to Examine Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated NF-kB/AP-1 Signaling on Adsorbed Protein Layers on Polymeric Surfaces

Published on: January 7, 2020

Detection of Neu1 Sialidase Activity in Regulating TOLL-like Receptor Activation
09:04

Detection of Neu1 Sialidase Activity in Regulating TOLL-like Receptor Activation

Published on: September 7, 2010

  • Elucidation of TLR-mediated signaling cascades.
  • Availability of specific antibodies for detecting TLRs.

    • Conclusions:

    • Mammalian Toll receptors are essential for host defense against microorganisms.
    • Understanding TLRs and their signaling is vital for immunology research.
    • Available antibodies facilitate the study and detection of specific TLRs.