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Related Concept Videos

Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Diffusion01:21

Diffusion

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Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
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Solution Equilibrium and Saturation01:59

Solution Equilibrium and Saturation

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Imagine adding a small amount of sugar to a glass of water, stirring until all the sugar has dissolved, and then adding a bit more. You can repeat this process until the sugar concentration of the solution reaches its natural limit, a limit determined primarily by the relative strengths of the solute-solute, solute-solvent, and solvent-solvent attractive forces. You can be certain that you have reached this limit because, no matter how long you stir the solution, undissolved sugar remains. The...
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Ideal Solutions02:24

Ideal Solutions

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According to Raoult’s law, the partial vapor pressure of a solvent in a solution is equal or identical to the vapor pressure of the pure solvent multiplied by its mole fraction in the solution. However, Raoult's Law is only valid for ideal solutions. For a solution to be ideal, the solvent-solute interaction must be just as strong as a solvent-solvent or solute-solute interaction. This suggests that both the solute and the solvent would use the same amount of energy to escape to the...
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General Properties of Solutions02:12

General Properties of Solutions

35.8K
Many common substances around us exist as a solution, such as ocean water, air, and gasoline. All solutions are mixtures of substances that are composed of varying amounts of two or more types of atoms or molecules. A mixture with a non-uniform composition is a heterogeneous mixture, whereas a mixture with a uniform composition is a homogeneous mixture. The components that make the homogeneous mixture are evenly spread out and thoroughly mixed. 
35.8K
Solution Formation02:16

Solution Formation

37.5K
There is no one solvent that can dissolve every type of solute. Some substances that readily dissolve in a certain solvent might be insoluble in a different solvent. A simple way to predict which substances dissolve in which solvent is the phrase "like dissolves like". This means that polar substances, such as salt and sugar, dissolve in a polar substance like water. In contrast, non-polar substances are more soluble in non-polar solvents such as carbon tetrachloride.
This selective...
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Dynamics of probe diffusion in rod solutions.

Victor Pryamitsyn1, Venkat Ganesan

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|June 4, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Probe diffusion in polymer solutions differs from continuum models when particle size exceeds the correlation length. New simulations reveal a distinct diffusion mechanism driven by polymer dynamics, challenging conventional wisdom.

Area of Science:

  • Polymer physics
  • Soft matter science
  • Computational materials science

Background:

  • Probe diffusion in polymer matrices is often modeled assuming continuum behavior for large particles.
  • This assumption simplifies understanding particle dynamics within complex polymer solutions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate probe diffusion in rod-like polymer solutions.
  • To challenge the conventional continuum model for probe diffusion when particle size exceeds correlation length.
  • To identify novel mechanisms governing probe motion in polymer matrices.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing simulation results to study probe diffusion.
  • Analyzing probe diffusion for particle sizes larger than the polymer solution correlation length (R > xi).

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  • Employing scaling arguments to rationalize simulation findings.

    • Main Results:

    • Simulation results challenge the conventional wisdom of probe diffusion in polymer solutions.
    • A new mechanism for probe diffusion is identified for particles with R > xi.
    • Constraint release motion of polymer rods is a key factor.

    Conclusions:

    • Probe diffusion in polymer solutions is more complex than continuum models suggest.
    • A novel diffusion mechanism, influenced by polymer dynamics, is operative for larger probes.
    • Understanding polymer matrix dynamics is crucial for accurate probe motion descriptions.