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Related Concept Videos

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Cerebral Edema l: Introduction01:19

Cerebral Edema l: Introduction

Cerebral edema is a pathological increase in brain water content that disrupts intracranial pressure regulation and impairs neurological function. Because the cranial vault is rigid, even modest increases in tissue volume can compromise cerebral perfusion, distort neural structures, and initiate secondary injury. Cerebral edema develops through four principal mechanisms: vasogenic, cytotoxic, interstitial, and ionic.Vasogenic EdemaVasogenic edema arises from disruption of the blood–brain...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...

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Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Isolation and Cannulation of Cerebral Parenchymal Arterioles
09:49

Isolation and Cannulation of Cerebral Parenchymal Arterioles

Published on: May 23, 2016

[Cerebral vasculitis].

Carmen Lienert1, Matthias Sturzenegger

  • 1Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Inselspital, Universitätsspital Bern, Bern. carmen.lienert@insel.ch

Therapeutische Umschau. Revue Therapeutique
|July 16, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cerebral vasculitis, a rare autoimmune disease, affects young adults causing brain lesions. Early diagnosis and treatment with corticosteroids and immunosuppressants improve outcomes.

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Last Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Isolation and Cannulation of Cerebral Parenchymal Arterioles
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Published on: May 23, 2016

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A Volumetric Method for Quantification of Cerebral Vasospasm in a Murine Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
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A Volumetric Method for Quantification of Cerebral Vasospasm in a Murine Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Published on: July 28, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Vascular Medicine

Context:

  • Cerebral vasculitis is a rare, potentially fatal condition impacting young adults.
  • It involves autoimmune destruction of cerebral blood vessels, leading to neurological damage.
  • Distinguishing primary autoimmune forms from secondary causes (infections, malignancies) is crucial.

Purpose:

  • To review the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of cerebral vasculitis.
  • To highlight the variability in clinical manifestations and diagnostic challenges.
  • To emphasize the importance of timely therapeutic intervention.

Summary:

  • Pathomechanisms include vessel wall destruction causing ischemic or hemorrhagic brain lesions and potential direct neurotoxicity.
  • Clinical presentation varies widely, from focal neurological deficits to diffuse encephalopathy or psychosis.
  • Diagnostic work-up involves clinical assessment, autoantibody analysis, neuroimaging (MRI, DSA), and sometimes biopsy.
  • Treatment typically involves corticosteroids combined with immunosuppressants (e.g., cyclophosphamide, azathioprine).

Impact:

  • Timely initiation of therapy significantly improves the prognosis of cerebral vasculitis.
  • Understanding these aspects aids in earlier diagnosis and more effective management strategies.
  • This review provides a comprehensive overview for clinicians managing this challenging condition.