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Related Concept Videos

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the surface of...
Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
Catalysis01:27

Catalysis

Catalysis influences the rate of chemical reactions by providing an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy. A catalyst speeds up a reaction, but it is not consumed during the process. The fundamental principle of catalysis is the ability of a catalyst to alter the reaction mechanism, often introducing a more efficient pathway than the uncatalyzed process.In a catalyzed reaction, the catalyst participates directly in the reaction mechanism. It interacts with reactants to form...
Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.

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Synthesis and Catalytic Performance of Gold Intercalated in the Walls of Mesoporous Silica
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Synthesis and Catalytic Performance of Gold Intercalated in the Walls of Mesoporous Silica

Published on: July 9, 2015

Gold catalysis in total synthesis.

A Stephen K Hashmi1, Matthias Rudolph

  • 1Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. hashmi@hashmi.de

Chemical Society Reviews
|September 3, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review summarizes gold catalysis applications in total synthesis for chemists. It discusses how gold catalysts activate substrates, offering insights into synthetic strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Gold catalysis has emerged as a powerful tool in organic synthesis.
  • Understanding substrate activation is crucial for developing new synthetic methodologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a tutorial review on the application of gold catalysis in total synthesis.
  • To discuss the mechanistic aspects of substrate activation by gold catalysts.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of key examples in gold-catalyzed total synthesis.
  • Analysis of proposed mechanisms for gold-catalyzed reactions.

Main Results:

  • Summary of diverse applications of gold catalysis in constructing complex molecules.
  • Elucidation of common modes of substrate activation, including pi-activation.

Conclusions:

  • Gold catalysis offers efficient and versatile routes for total synthesis.
  • A deeper understanding of gold-substrate interactions facilitates catalyst design and reaction optimization.