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Related Concept Videos

The Oral Microbiota01:27

The Oral Microbiota

The oral microbiome includes a complex ecosystem comprising over 700 microbial species, identified through genomic sequencing and culture-based analyses to date. This community includes a core microbiome, found universally among individuals, and a variable component influenced by environmental factors such as diet, lifestyle, and host genetics. Site-specific conditions, including oxygen gradients, pH levels, and nutrient availability, determine the spatial distribution of these microorganisms...
Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract01:29

Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract

The human respiratory tract, comprising the upper and lower segments, serves as a critical interface with the external environment. The upper respiratory tract (URT)—including the nostrils, sinuses, pharynx, and oropharynx—is heavily colonized by microbes, while the lower respiratory tract (LRT), composed of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs, was long thought to be sterile. However, recent molecular studies have revealed that the lungs are not devoid of microbes but act more like...
Functions of the Gut Microbiota01:18

Functions of the Gut Microbiota

The gut microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. This complex ecosystem plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal and systemic health. Most of these microbes inhabit the large intestine, establishing a relatively stable and diverse community that contributes to gut homeostasis through various metabolic, immunological, and protective mechanisms.Dominant bacterial phyla, such as...
Microbiota of the Stomach and Small Intestine01:27

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The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract is characterized by distinct physicochemical conditions that shape its microbial communities. Among these, the stomach presents a particularly challenging environment for microbial colonization due to its highly acidic pH, ranging from 1 to 3. This extreme acidity effectively limits microbial density. However, certain acid-tolerant microorganisms are capable of surviving in this niche. Notably, Helicobacter pylori can colonize the gastric mucosa,...
Microbiota Modulation by Antibiotics01:21

Microbiota Modulation by Antibiotics

Antibiotics have revolutionized modern medicine by saving countless lives from bacterial infections. However, their widespread use has inadvertently harmed the delicate balance of the human gut microbiota. The gut microbiota, a complex community of bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi, plays a vital role in regulating metabolism, immune responses, and maintaining intestinal health. Antibiotics, especially broad-spectrum types, disrupt this ecosystem by eradicating both harmful and beneficial...
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Microbiota of the Large Intestine

The large intestine hosts the most densely populated microbial ecosystem in the human body. This complex community primarily consists of anaerobic bacteria, with Bacillota (formerly Firmicutes) and Bacteroidota (formerly Bacteroidetes) as the predominant groups. The distribution of these microbes varies along different sections of the large intestine, influenced by local environmental factors such as oxygen availability and nutrient composition.The cecum, located at the beginning of the large...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Microfluidic Co-culture of Epithelial Cells and Bacteria for Investigating Soluble Signal-mediated Interactions
12:25

Microfluidic Co-culture of Epithelial Cells and Bacteria for Investigating Soluble Signal-mediated Interactions

Published on: April 20, 2010

Host-microbe communication within the GI tract.

Christopher A Allen1, Alfredo G Torres

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|October 10, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The gut microbiome communicates with the host immune system to distinguish beneficial microbes from pathogens. Pathogens can manipulate these communication pathways to evade immune detection and cause disease.

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Area of Science:

  • Gastrointestinal immunology
  • Microbiome-host interactions
  • Infectious disease

Background:

  • The gastrointestinal tract is crucial for health, requiring host-microbe communication to maintain homeostasis and prevent pathogen invasion.
  • The mucosal immune system identifies and eliminates pathogens, utilizing host and bacterial mechanisms for monitoring and response.
  • Distinguishing between indigenous microbes and pathogens is vital for immune regulation, involving ligand-receptor interactions and host cell signaling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the intricate communication mechanisms between the host gastrointestinal tract and its resident microbial communities.
  • To understand how these interactions regulate immune responses, promoting mucosal immunity and immunological tolerance.
  • To investigate the strategies employed by pathogens to evade host immune surveillance by manipulating these signaling pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of host-microbial ligand-receptor interactions.
  • Investigation of host cell signaling pathways in response to microbial stimuli.
  • Examination of pathogen adaptations, including cell surface modifications and virulence factor expression.

Main Results:

  • Host-microbe communication is essential for immune homeostasis in the gut.
  • Ligand-receptor interactions mediate the distinction between commensal and pathogenic bacteria.
  • Pathogens have evolved mechanisms to exploit host signaling pathways for immune evasion and persistence.

Conclusions:

  • Effective communication between the gut microbiota and host immune system is critical for maintaining health.
  • Pathogens can subvert host-microbe communication pathways, highlighting the complex interplay between host defense and microbial virulence.
  • Understanding these interactions offers insights into developing novel therapeutic strategies against gastrointestinal infections.