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Related Concept Videos

Forced Transdifferentiation01:28

Forced Transdifferentiation

Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
Artificial transdifferentiation occurs...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Cellular Differentiation00:57

Cellular Differentiation

How does a complex organism such as a human develop from a single cell? It all starts from a single fertilized egg which gives rise to a vast array of cell types, such as nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells that characterize the adult? Throughout development and adulthood, cellular differentiation leads cells to assume their final morphology and physiology. Differentiation is the process by which unspecialized cells become specialized to carry out distinct functions.
A zygote is a...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Transformation01:26

Transformation

Microbial communities are dynamic environments where cell lysis releases free DNA into the surroundings. Other cells can take up this extracellular DNA through a process known as transformation.When a cell incorporates this foreign DNA into its genome, resulting in genetic modification, the process is known as transformation. Cells capable of this process are termed competent. Competence can be natural, as observed in certain bacteria and archaea, or artificially induced in the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Epigenetic Conversion as a Safe and Simple Method to Obtain Insulin-secreting Cells from Adult Skin Fibroblasts
08:45

Epigenetic Conversion as a Safe and Simple Method to Obtain Insulin-secreting Cells from Adult Skin Fibroblasts

Published on: March 18, 2016

Extreme makeover: converting one cell into another.

Qiao Zhou1, Douglas A Melton

  • 1Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, HHMI, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.

Cell Stem Cell
|October 23, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Adult mammalian cells can be reprogrammed into new cell types. This review compares direct conversion with induced pluripotent stem cell methods for regenerative medicine applications.

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Manipulating Living Cells to Construct Stable 3D Cellular Assembly Without Artificial Scaffold
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A Two-Step Strategy that Combines Epigenetic Modification and Biomechanical Cues to Generate Mammalian Pluripotent Cells
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Epigenetic Conversion as a Safe and Simple Method to Obtain Insulin-secreting Cells from Adult Skin Fibroblasts
08:45

Epigenetic Conversion as a Safe and Simple Method to Obtain Insulin-secreting Cells from Adult Skin Fibroblasts

Published on: March 18, 2016

Manipulating Living Cells to Construct Stable 3D Cellular Assembly Without Artificial Scaffold
07:09

Manipulating Living Cells to Construct Stable 3D Cellular Assembly Without Artificial Scaffold

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A Two-Step Strategy that Combines Epigenetic Modification and Biomechanical Cues to Generate Mammalian Pluripotent Cells
08:01

A Two-Step Strategy that Combines Epigenetic Modification and Biomechanical Cues to Generate Mammalian Pluripotent Cells

Published on: August 29, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Cell biology
  • Regenerative medicine
  • Stem cell research

Background:

  • Mammalian adult cells can be reprogrammed into different cell types.
  • Two main strategies exist: induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and direct cellular conversion.
  • Both approaches hold promise for regenerative medicine.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare and contrast iPSC-based regeneration with direct cellular conversion.
  • To highlight the potential of direct conversion for regenerative medicine.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on cell reprogramming techniques.
  • Comparative analysis of iPSC generation and differentiation versus direct cell-to-cell conversion.
  • Discussion of applications in regenerative medicine.

Main Results:

  • Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are generated from adult cells and then differentiated.
  • Direct conversion bypasses the pluripotent stage, converting adult cells directly into other mature cell types or progenitors.
  • Direct conversion offers a potentially more efficient route for specific cell type generation.

Conclusions:

  • Direct cellular conversion presents a promising alternative to iPSC-based strategies for regenerative medicine.
  • Further research into direct conversion methods could accelerate therapeutic applications.
  • Both reprogramming strategies contribute to the advancement of regenerative medicine.