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Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language
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Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language

Published on: October 13, 2018

Making disjunctions exclusive.

Coralie Chevallier1, Ira A Noveck, Tatjana Nazir

  • 1Institut des Sciences Cognitives, Lyon, France.

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology (2006)
|October 23, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

People interpret "or" exclusively (one or the other, not both) when given extra processing time or emphasis. This suggests pragmatic interpretations of "or" require cognitive effort.

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Area of Science:

  • Psycholinguistics
  • Cognitive Science
  • Linguistics

Background:

  • The interpretation of logical connectives like "or" is central to understanding language comprehension.
  • Prior research indicates that pragmatic interpretations of quantifiers (e.g., "some") involve effortful processing.
  • The sentential connective "or" has both inclusive (A or B or both) and exclusive (A or B but not both) meanings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether increased processing effort influences the interpretation of the disjunction "or" towards an exclusive meaning.
  • To test the hypothesis that pragmatic inferences, like the exclusive interpretation of "or", are effort-driven.

Main Methods:

  • Three experiments were conducted to manipulate processing effort.
  • Experiment 1 involved a delayed response time (3-second wait) to encourage deeper processing.
  • Experiments 2 and 3 used visual (capitalization: "OR") and prosodic (contrastive stress) emphasis on "or" to prompt additional effort.

Main Results:

  • All three experiments demonstrated a shift towards more exclusive interpretations of "or" under conditions of increased processing effort.
  • Participants in the delayed response and emphasized "or" conditions were more likely to interpret "or" exclusively.
  • The results support the hypothesis that pragmatic interpretations of "or" are facilitated by cognitive effort.

Conclusions:

  • Increased cognitive effort leads to a more pragmatic, exclusive interpretation of the disjunction "or".
  • This finding aligns with relevance theory, suggesting that effortful processing is key for generating pragmatic inferences.
  • The study highlights the role of processing effort in distinguishing between logical and pragmatic meanings of linguistic elements.