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Related Concept Videos

Conformations of Cyclohexane02:11

Conformations of Cyclohexane

Cyclohexane does not exist in a planar form due to the high angle and torsional strain it would experience in the planar structure. Instead, it adopts non-planar chair and boat conformations.
The chair form is the most stable and derives its name from its resemblance to the “easy chair.” In the chair conformation, two carbon atoms are arranged out-of-plane — one above and one below, minimizing the torsional strain. In the chair form, the bond angle is very close to the ideal tetrahedral value,...
Chair Conformation of Cyclohexane02:02

Chair Conformation of Cyclohexane

The chair conformation is the most stable form of cyclohexane due to the absence of angle and torsional strain. The absence of angle strain is a result of cyclohexane’s bond angle being very close to the ideal tetrahedral bond angle of 109.5° in its chair conformer. Similarly, the torsional strain is also absent owing to the perfectly staggered arrangement of bonds.
The hydrogen atoms linked to carbons are arranged in two different axial and equatorial orientations to achieve this staggered...
Fischer Projections02:18

Fischer Projections

Learning to draw Fischer projections of molecules and understanding their relevance plays a crucial role in the visual depiction of organic molecules. A Fischer projection is a two-dimensional projection on a planar surface to simplify the three-dimensional wedge–dash representation of molecules. This is especially helpful in the case of molecules with multiple chiral centers that can be difficult to draw. Here, all the bonds of interest are represented as horizontal or vertical lines. While...
¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Temporal Resolution00:52

¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Temporal Resolution

At room temperature, the chair conformer of cyclohexane undergoes rapid ring flipping between two equivalent chair conformers at a rate of approximately 105 times per second. These two chair conformers are in equilibrium. The rapid ring flipping results in the interconversion of the axial proton to an equatorial proton and an equatorial to the axial proton. Such interconversions are too rapid and cannot be detected on the NMR timescale. Hence, the NMR spectrometer cannot distinguish between the...
The Two-State Receptor Model01:29

The Two-State Receptor Model

The two-state receptor model explains a drug's interaction with receptors, such as G protein-coupled receptors and ligand-gated ion channels, to induce or inhibit a biological response. When no natural ligands are present, a receptor exists in an equilibrium of inactive (Ri) and active (Ra) conformations. The inactive form does not produce a response, while the active form generates a basal effect known as constitutive activity.
The binding affinity of a drug determines its interaction with one...
Conformations of Ethane and Propane02:18

Conformations of Ethane and Propane

In an organic molecule, free rotation about the carbon-carbon single bond results in energetically different conformers of the molecule. Due to this rotation, called the internal rotation, ethane has two major conformations — staggered and eclipsed.
Staggered conformation is a low energy and more stable conformation with the C-H bonds on the front carbon placed at 60°dihedral angles relative to the C-H bonds on the back carbon, leading to a reduced torsional strain. In staggered ethane, the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Interactive Molecular Model Assembly with 3D Printing
06:15

Interactive Molecular Model Assembly with 3D Printing

Published on: August 13, 2020

Conformational model.

Ruth M Risueño1, Angel R Ortiz, Balbino Alarcón

  • 1Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|December 11, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Conformational changes in T-cell receptor (TCR) cytoplasmic tails, not just ligand-binding regions, are crucial for T-cell activation. This signaling mechanism is vital for immune responses.

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Investigating Protein Sequence-structure-dynamics Relationships with Bio3D-web
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Investigating Protein Sequence-structure-dynamics Relationships with Bio3D-web

Published on: July 16, 2017

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Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Interactive Molecular Model Assembly with 3D Printing
06:15

Interactive Molecular Model Assembly with 3D Printing

Published on: August 13, 2020

Investigating Protein Sequence-structure-dynamics Relationships with Bio3D-web
09:51

Investigating Protein Sequence-structure-dynamics Relationships with Bio3D-web

Published on: July 16, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • Conformational changes in T-cell receptor (TCR) ectodomains beyond ligand-binding loops have been overlooked as a signal transduction mechanism.
  • Biochemical and spectroscopic data indicate that cytoplasmic tails of TCR and B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) undergo conformational changes upon stimulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the transmission of conformational changes from TCR ectodomains to cytoplasmic tails upon ligand binding.
  • To explore the role of these conformational changes in T-cell and B-cell activation.

Main Methods:

  • Biochemical assays
  • Spectroscopic analysis
  • Functional assays linking conformational changes to T-cell activation

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests conformational changes occur in TCR and BCR cytoplasmic tails, not solely in ectodomains.
  • Ligand binding to TCR ectodomains likely triggers a transmission of conformational changes to the cytoplasmic tails via CD3 subunits.
  • Functional correlates link these conformational changes to full T-cell activation.

Conclusions:

  • Conformational changes in the entire TCR complex, including cytoplasmic tails, are critical for signal transduction.
  • Understanding the mechanism of transmission and the role of these changes is essential for elucidating T- and B-cell activation pathways.