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Anastomoses

Anastomoses

In human anatomy, anastomosis refers to a connection or opening between two things, particularly between blood vessels or other tubular structures. The term is derived from the Greek term 'anastomosis,' which means 'outlet' or 'opening.' This natural network of connections plays a critical role in the survival and functionality of the human body.
Anastomoses can be formed at arterial, venous, and lymphatic vessels.
Arterial Anastomosis: These occur between arteries. They are most common in...

Overview of Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation

Overview of Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation

The systemic and pulmonary circuits are crucial components of the circulatory system, working together to transport blood between the heart, lungs, and the rest of the body. The process begins with pulmonary circulation, where deoxygenated blood is pumped from the right ventricle to the lungs via the pulmonary trunk and arteries. Upon reaching the lungs, the blood becomes oxygenated and returns to the heart, specifically to the left atrium, via the pulmonary veins.
The oxygenated blood is sent...

Overview of Systemic Arteries

Overview of Systemic Arteries

The human body is a complex, well-organized machine, and at the heart of its operations lies the circulatory system. This network of blood vessels, which includes systemic arteries, plays a vital role in maintaining life by transporting nutrients, oxygen, and waste products to and from cells throughout the body.
Systemic circulation is the part of the cardiovascular system that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body's tissues and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

Anatomy of the Circulatory System

Anatomy of the Circulatory System

The human circulatory system consists of blood, blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart, around the body, and back to the heart, and the heart itself, which acts as a central pump. The systemic circuit supplies blood to the whole body, the coronary circuit supplies blood to the heart, and the pulmonary circuit supplies blood flow between the heart and lungs.

Coronary Circulation

Coronary Circulation

The heart, an organ critical to survival, gets nourishment not from the blood it pumps but from a separate circulation system known as coronary circulation. This is the shortest circulation in the body and is responsible for supplying the heart with the nutrients it needs to function effectively.
Coronary circulation begins at the base of the aorta, where two main arteries arise—the left and right coronary arteries. These arteries encircle the heart in the coronary sulcus and supply the...

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...

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A Fibrin-Enriched and tPA-Sensitive Photothrombotic Stroke Model

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Collateral circulation: past and present.

Wolfgang Schaper

Basic Research in Cardiology

|December 23, 2008

Summary

Arteriogenesis, the growth of collateral arteries after occlusion, involves endothelial cell deformation, NO production, and smooth muscle proliferation. This process enhances blood flow but remains incomplete, offering therapeutic potential for occlusive diseases.

Area of Science:

Vascular Biology
Cardiovascular Physiology
Regenerative Medicine

Background:

Arterial occlusion triggers outward remodeling of arterioles via smooth muscle and endothelial cell proliferation.
Increased pulsatile fluid shear stress (FSS) deforms endothelial cells, initiating arteriogenesis.
A pressure gradient between occluded and non-occluded regions drives collateral vessel remodeling.

Discussion:

Shear stress activates NOS isoforms, leading to nitric oxide (NO) production and VEGF secretion.
Mononuclear cells infiltrate adventitia, producing proteases and growth factors essential for arteriogenesis.
Smooth muscle cells shift from contractile to synthetic/proliferative phenotypes, contributing to vessel growth.

Key Insights:

Arteriogenesis involves complex signaling pathways including VEGF, MCP-1, Rho, and MAPK.

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Actin-binding proteins, integrins, and connexins play crucial roles in vascular remodeling.

Transcription factors like AP-1 and egr-1 are key regulators of the arteriogenesis process.

Outlook:

Despite significant vessel dilation (2-20 fold), functional restoration is limited (30-40%).
Arteriogenesis can be stimulated by increased FSS (e.g., arteriovenous fistulas).
Inhibiting NO, VEGF-A, or the Rho pathway blocks arteriogenesis, suggesting therapeutic targets.