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Related Concept Videos

Induced Electric Fields01:23

Induced Electric Fields

The fact that emfs are induced in circuits implies that work is being done on the conduction electrons in the wires. What can possibly be the source of this work? We know that it’s neither a battery nor a magnetic field, as a battery does not have to be present in a circuit where current is induced, and magnetic fields never do any work on moving charges. The source of the work is in fact an electric field that is induced in the wires. For example, if a stationary conductor is placed in a...
Induced Electric Fields: Applications01:27

Induced Electric Fields: Applications

An important distinction exists between the electric field induced by a changing magnetic field and the electrostatic field produced by a fixed charge distribution. Specifically, the induced electric field is nonconservative because it does not work in moving a charge over a closed path. In contrast, the electrostatic field is conservative and does no net work over a closed path. Hence, electric potential can be associated with the electrostatic field but not the induced field. The following...
Electric Field Inside a Conductor01:20

Electric Field Inside a Conductor

When a conductor is placed in an external electric field, the free charges in the conductor redistribute and very quickly reach electrostatic equilibrium. The resulting charge distribution and its electric field have many interesting properties, which can be investigated with the help of Gauss's law.
Suppose a piece of metal is placed near a positive charge. The free electrons in the metal are attracted to the external positive charge and migrate freely toward that region. This region then has...
Electric Field of a Non Uniformly Charged Sphere01:22

Electric Field of a Non Uniformly Charged Sphere

Gauss's law states that the electric flux through any closed surface equals the net charge enclosed within the surface. This law is beneficial for determining the expressions for the electric field for a particular charge distribution if the electric flux is known.
Consider a non-uniformly charged sphere, for which the density of charge depends only on the distance from a point in space and not on the direction. Such a sphere has a spherically symmetrical charge distribution. Here, the electric...
π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview01:27

π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview

An applied magnetic field causes loosely bound π-electrons in organic molecules to circulate, producing a local or induced diamagnetic field over a large spatial volume. As the molecules tumble in solution, the field generated by π-electrons in spherical substituents results in a zero net field. However, the net field generated by π-electrons in non-spherical substituents is not zero. The effect of this induced field depends on the orientation of the molecule with respect to B0, resulting in...
Determining Electric Field From Electric Potential01:12

Determining Electric Field From Electric Potential

The electric field and electric potential are related to each other. If the electric field at various points in the region of interest is known, it can be used to calculate the electric potential difference between any two points. Similarly, if the electric potential is known for various points, then it is possible to calculate the electric field.
In general, regardless of whether the electric field is uniform, it points in the direction of decreasing potential because the force on a positive...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

All-electronic Nanosecond-resolved Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Facilitating the Investigation of Single Dopant Charge Dynamics
11:33

All-electronic Nanosecond-resolved Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Facilitating the Investigation of Single Dopant Charge Dynamics

Published on: January 19, 2018

Strong-field tunneling without ionization.

T Nubbemeyer1, K Gorling, A Saenz

  • 1Max-Born-Institute, Max-Born-Strasse 2a, 12489 Berlin, Germany.

Physical Review Letters
|December 31, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A significant fraction of neutral atoms survive strong laser pulses in excited states. This finding supports the frustrated tunneling ionization mechanism, revealing a new pathway in strong-field physics.

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Area of Science:

  • Atomic and Molecular Physics
  • Strong Field Physics
  • Quantum Optics

Background:

  • Strong laser fields can ionize atoms, typically leading to free electrons.
  • The behavior of atoms under intense laser irradiation is complex and not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the survival of neutral atoms in excited states after strong laser field ionization.
  • To explore the underlying physical mechanisms responsible for the observed excited neutral atom yield.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental measurement of excited neutral atom yield as a function of laser intensity.
  • Investigation of the dependence of excited neutral yield on laser ellipticity.
  • Theoretical calculations using full quantum mechanical and semiclassical models.

Main Results:

  • A substantial fraction of neutral atoms were observed to survive strong laser pulses in excited states.
  • The excited neutral atom yield varied significantly with laser intensity.
  • Experimental results showed strong dependence on laser ellipticity, consistent with rescattering.
  • Theoretical calculations agreed with experimental findings for the excited state distribution (n=6-10).

Conclusions:

  • The study confirms the existence of a 'frustrated tunneling ionization' pathway, a previously unexplored neutral exit channel.
  • The findings support the strong-field tunneling-plus-rescattering model for intense laser-atom interactions.
  • The research provides strong experimental and theoretical evidence for rescattering as the origin of excited neutral atoms.