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Related Concept Videos

Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when presynaptic neurons...
Chunking and Rehearsal in Sensory Memory01:22

Chunking and Rehearsal in Sensory Memory

Improving short-term memory can be achieved through techniques like chunking and rehearsal. Chunking involves organizing information into larger, more manageable units. This technique is particularly useful for information that exceeds the typical memory span of between five and nine items. For instance, logging into an online account with a password like "ta89vq0179gz" involves grouping letters and numbers into three chunks—ta89, vq01, and 79gz. It makes large amounts of information more...
Understanding Memory01:19

Understanding Memory

Memory is the retention of information or experiences over time, facilitated through three main processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Encoding is the process of inputting information into the memory system. For instance, when listening to a lecture, watching a play, reading a book, or having a conversation, the brain is actively encoding information. This initial stage involves transforming sensory input into a form that can be processed and stored by the brain. Various factors, such as...
Purposive Learning01:22

Purposive Learning

E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a bonus...
Elaborative Rehearsals01:07

Elaborative Rehearsals

Elaborative rehearsal is a crucial cognitive strategy that strengthens information encoding in long-term memory by making meaningful connections between new data and pre-existing knowledge. This approach contrasts with maintenance rehearsal, which involves simple repetition without delving into the significance of the information. While maintenance rehearsal might temporarily keep information active in short-term memory, it is less effective for long-term retention.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) for Memory Enhancement
10:37

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) for Memory Enhancement

Published on: September 18, 2021

Targeting latent function: encouraging effective encoding for successful memory training and transfer.

Cindy Lustig1, Kristin E Flegal

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1043, USA. clustig@umich.edu

Psychology and Aging
|January 15, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cognitive training for older adults shows varied benefits. Allowing strategy choice, rather than strict instruction, improved memory transfer and reduced everyday errors in older adults.

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Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) for Memory Enhancement
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Investigation of Synaptic Tagging/Capture and Cross-capture using Acute Hippocampal Slices from Rodents
11:29

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Published on: September 4, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Cognitive training programs for older adults yield variable results.
  • Individual differences in training benefits are significant.
  • Benefit variability may stem from how participants engage with training strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how specific strategy instructions versus strategy choice impact memory training outcomes in older adults.
  • To determine if strategy choice enhances training effectiveness and transfer.

Main Methods:

  • Older adults participated in a memory-training procedure.
  • One group received specific strategy instructions (semantic, integrative encoding).
  • Another group chose their own encoding strategy, with emphasis on time and attention.

Main Results:

  • Both groups improved performance and reduced everyday memory errors.
  • The strategy-choice group showed better transfer to a recognition memory test.
  • Performance in the strategy-instruction group correlated with preexisting ability, unlike the strategy-choice group.

Conclusions:

  • Memory training programs that allow flexibility in strategy use may optimize training and transfer.
  • Leveraging participants' latent abilities with choice promotes better outcomes.
  • Tailoring cognitive interventions to individual engagement styles is crucial for older adults.