Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Synthesis of Triazole and Tetrazole-Functionalized Zr-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks Through Post-Synthetic Ligand Exchange
Published on: June 23, 2023
Synthesis, characterization and biological activities of mixed ligand Zr(IV) complexes
Yuvraj S Malghe1, Rakesh C Prabhu, Rajesh W Raut
1Department of Chemistry, The Institute of Science, 15, Madam Cama Road, Mumbai-400 032, India. ymalghe@yahoo.com
Abstract:
Mixed ligand ternary Zr(IV) complexes of type [M(Q)2LNO3xH2O] have been synthesized using 8-hydroxyquinoline (HQ) as a primary ligand and N- and/O-donor amino acids (HL) such as L-serine, L-alanine and glycine as secondary ligands. These complexes were characterized on the basis of elemental analysis, conductance measurement, spectral and thermal studies. The molar conductance study of the complexes in DMF solvent signifies their non-electrolytic nature whereas the thermal analyses specify presence of a coordinated water molecule. The complexes were tested for antifungal and antibacterial activity by using agar well diffusion bioassay. The antibacterial activity was tested against the pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecium. The results obtained were evaluated with antibacterial standard vancomycin. The antifungal activity was tested against Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Aspergillus fumigatus and the results obtained were compared with antifungal standard amphotericin B. The complexes were also screened for cytotoxicity studies against Ehrlich ascites cells and Daltons lymphoma ascites cells and show very low cytotoxicity.
Related Concept Videos
Metal-Ligand Bonds
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...
Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect
Complexometric Titration: Ligands
Complexation Equilibria: Factors Influencing Stability of Complexes
Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...

