Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Muscle Stimulation Frequency

Muscle Stimulation Frequency

The contraction strength of muscles is regulated by motor neurons, which modulate the frequency of action potentials dispatched to the motor units based on the body's requirements. This process of varying the muscle stimulation frequency allows muscles to contract with a force that is precisely tailored to the needs of the moment, whether lifting a feather or a heavy box.
Wave summation
At low firing rates, motor neurons induce individual twitch contractions in muscle fibers. These twitches...

IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region

IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region

IR spectra are divided into two main regions: the diagnostic region and the fingerprint region. The diagnostic region of the spectrum lies above 1500 cm−1. The absorptions resulting from single-bond vibrations of the N–H, C–H, and O–H stretch at higher wavenumbers and appear on the left side of the spectrum. The stretching absorptions of the C≡C and C≡N occur between 2100–2300 cm−1. In contrast, those arising from stretching absorptions of the C=O, C=N, and C=C occur between 1600–1850 cm−1.
The...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Compact dual-comb time-transfer and ranging for future space-based distributed sensing.

Applied optics·2025

Same author

LMA fibers with increased higher-order mode loss for high average power, pulsed, diffraction-limited lasers.

Optics express·2024

Same author

Validation of open-path dual-comb spectroscopy against an O<sub>2</sub> background: erratum.

Optics express·2024

Same author

Pulse interaction induced systematic errors in dual comb spectroscopy.

Optics express·2024

Same author

Open-path measurement of stable water isotopologues using mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy.

Atmospheric measurement techniques·2023

Same author

Coherent Laser Ranging of Deforming Objects in Fires at Sub-Millimeter Precision.

Fire safety journal·2023

Same journal

Gaussian-modulated continuous-variable quantum key distribution over 60 km fiber using an integrated silicon photonic receiver.

Optics letters·2026

Same journal

E2E-OCT: end-to-end joint learning model using optical coherence tomography images for vocal cord leukoplakia diagnosis.

Optics letters·2026

Same journal

Holographic generation of panoramic 3D scenes by concave ellipsoidal mirror reflection.

Optics letters·2026

Same journal

Dual-pilot phase recovery with pair-wise maximum-ratio combining for coherent PONs.

Optics letters·2026

Same journal

Mapping the whispering gallery modes of a CaF<sub>2</sub> disk resonator with half-tapered fibers to estimate the fundamental mode volume.

Optics letters·2026

Same journal

Quantitative estimation of deep-subwavelength scale via dark-field scattering axial energy concentration decay profiles.

Optics letters·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Design and Characterization Methodology for Efficient Wide Range Tunable MEMS Filters

Design and Characterization Methodology for Efficient Wide Range Tunable MEMS Filters

Published on: February 4, 2018

High-performance, vibration-immune, fiber-laser frequency comb.

Esther Baumann¹, Fabrizio R Giorgetta, Jeffrey W Nicholson

¹National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA. esther.baumann@nist.gov

|March 3, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

We developed an environmentally robust optical frequency comb using a figure-eight fiber laser. This advanced comb maintains phase lock even under strong vibrations, paving the way for field-deployable optical clocks.

More Related Videos

Low-cost Custom Fabrication and Mode-locked Operation of an All-normal-dispersion Femtosecond Fiber Laser for Multiphoton Microscopy

Low-cost Custom Fabrication and Mode-locked Operation of an All-normal-dispersion Femtosecond Fiber Laser for Multiphoton Microscopy

Published on: November 22, 2019

Rapid Repetition Rate Fluctuation Measurement of Soliton Crystals in a Microresonator

Rapid Repetition Rate Fluctuation Measurement of Soliton Crystals in a Microresonator

Published on: December 15, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Design and Characterization Methodology for Efficient Wide Range Tunable MEMS Filters

Design and Characterization Methodology for Efficient Wide Range Tunable MEMS Filters

Published on: February 4, 2018

Low-cost Custom Fabrication and Mode-locked Operation of an All-normal-dispersion Femtosecond Fiber Laser for Multiphoton Microscopy

Low-cost Custom Fabrication and Mode-locked Operation of an All-normal-dispersion Femtosecond Fiber Laser for Multiphoton Microscopy

Published on: November 22, 2019

Rapid Repetition Rate Fluctuation Measurement of Soliton Crystals in a Microresonator

Rapid Repetition Rate Fluctuation Measurement of Soliton Crystals in a Microresonator

Published on: December 15, 2021

Area of Science:

Physics
Optical Engineering
Metrology

Background:

Optical frequency combs are crucial for precision measurement.
Environmental stability has been a major challenge for field applications.
Previous fiber comb designs were susceptible to vibrations.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate an environmentally robust optical frequency comb.
To achieve phase locking with high bandwidth and low noise.
To enable the development of fieldable fiber frequency combs.

Main Methods:

Utilized a polarization-maintaining, all-fiber, figure-eight laser.
Implemented phase locking to a cavity-stabilized continuous-wave (cw) laser.
Employed an intracavity electro-optic phase modulator with a 1.6 MHz feedback bandwidth.

Main Results:

Achieved near shot-noise-limited residual phase noise (-94 dBc/Hz from 20 Hz to 200 kHz).
Demonstrated low integrated in-loop phase noise (32 mrad from 1 Hz to 1 MHz).
Maintained phase lock under mechanical vibrations exceeding 1 g.

Conclusions:

The developed fiber laser frequency comb exhibits significant environmental robustness.
This work represents a critical advancement towards practical, field-deployable frequency comb systems.
The high-bandwidth phase-locking technique enhances stability in challenging environments.