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Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Comprehensive Endovascular and Open Surgical Management of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations
Published on: October 20, 2017
Endovascular treatment of carotid cavernous fistulas
Joseph J Gemmete1, Sameer A Ansari, Dheeraj Gandhi
1Department of Radiology, Division of Interventional Neuroradiology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 0030, USA. gemmete@umich.edu
Abstract:
Carotid cavernous fistulas (CCFs) are abnormal communications between the carotid arterial system and the cavernous sinus. CCFs are broadly classified as either direct or indirect. Surgical treatment of CCFs is technically difficult and is associated with significant morbidity. Endovascular techniques from either an arterial or a venous approach have become the mainstay of treatment given the recent advances in endovascular technology. This article provides an overview of various endovascular approaches available for the treatment of CCFs.
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