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Related Concept Videos

Types of Forces01:09

Types of Forces

In most situations, forces can be grouped into two categories: contact forces and field forces.  Contact forces occur as a result of direct physical contact between objects. Field forces, however, act without the necessity of physical contact between objects. They depend on the presence of a "field" in the region of space surrounding the body under consideration. You can think of a field as a property of space that is detectable by the forces it exerts. Scientists think there are only four...
Force Classification01:22

Force Classification

Forces play a crucial role in the study of physics and engineering. They are essential in describing the motion, behavior, and equilibrium of objects in the physical world. Forces can be classified based on their origin, type, and direction of action.
Contact and non-contact forces are two of the most widely used categories of forces. As the name suggests, contact forces require physical contact between two objects to act upon each other. Examples of contact forces include frictional,...
Non-conservative Forces01:17

Non-conservative Forces

Non-conservative forces are dissipative forces such as friction or air resistance. These forces take energy away from a system as it progresses. Unlike conservative forces, non-conservative forces do not have potential energy associated with them. This is because the energy is lost to the system and cannot be turned into useful work later.
Also unlike their conservative counterparts, they are path-dependent; where the object starts and stops does matter. For example, a grinding wheel applies a...

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Direct Force Measurements of Subcellular Mechanics in Confinement using Optical Tweezers
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Published on: August 31, 2021

Limits on nonstandard forces in the submicrometer range.

M Masuda1, M Sasaki

  • 1Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8582, Japan. masuda@icrr.u-tokyo.ac.jp

Physical Review Letters
|June 13, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers searched for nonstandard forces using Casimir force measurements. This study provides new constraints on Yukawa-type gravity deviations and the fundamental scale for gauged baryon number, improving upon previous limits.

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Area of Science:

  • Experimental physics
  • Gravity and fundamental forces

Background:

  • The Standard Model of particle physics may be extended by new forces.
  • Yukawa-type deviations from Newtonian gravity are predicted by some theories.
  • The Casimir force is a sensitive probe of short-range forces.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To search for evidence of nonstandard forces.
  • To place constraints on Yukawa-type deviations from Newtonian gravity.
  • To determine lower limits for the fundamental scale of gauged baryon number.

Main Methods:

  • Casimir force measurements were performed in the 0.48–6.5 micrometer range.
  • Experimental data were compared with theoretical predictions of the Casimir force.
  • Constraints were derived for the Yukawa force parameter (alpha) and the fundamental scale (M*).

Main Results:

  • More stringent limits on alpha were obtained in the 1.0–2.9 micrometer range compared to previous studies.
  • Lower limits for M* were established for gauged baryon number in the bulk.
  • For six extra dimensions, stringent limits on M* were found in the range 6.5x10^-6 < rho < 2.5x10^-4.

Conclusions:

  • The study successfully constrained parameters related to potential deviations from Newtonian gravity.
  • New lower limits for the fundamental scale of gauged baryon number were established.
  • Casimir force measurements provide a powerful tool for probing new physics at short distances.