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Related Concept Videos

Mass Spectrometry: Molecular Fragmentation Overview01:20

Mass Spectrometry: Molecular Fragmentation Overview

The ionization of a molecule into a molecular ion inside the mass spectrometer causes instability in the molecule's structure due to the loss of an electron. This eventually leads to the fragmentation or breaking of some bonds in the molecule. The fragmentation occurs predominantly at specific bonds to yield relatively stable fragments.
One type of fragmentation pattern is the cleavage of a single bond in the molecular ion. The cleavage leads to a radical and a cation. The cleavage can occur at...
¹H NMR: Complex Splitting01:13

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
Splitting diagrams or splitting tree diagrams are routinely used to depict such complex couplings. While drawing splitting diagrams, the splitting with the larger coupling constant is usually applied first.
Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule01:10

Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule

In the AX proton spin system, proton A can sense the two spin states of a coupled proton X, resulting in a doublet NMR signal with two peaks of equal (1:1) intensity. When proton A is coupled to two equivalent protons (AX2 spin system), the spin states of each X can be aligned with or against the external field, creating three possible scenarios. This results in a 1:2:1  triplet signal, where the central peak corresponds to the chemical shift of A and is twice as large or intense as the others.
Mass Spectrometry: Alkyne Fragmentation00:53

Mass Spectrometry: Alkyne Fragmentation

The fragmentation of alkynes preferentially occurs at the carbon–carbon bond between the α and β carbon of the alkyne bond to generate a 3-propynyl cation (or propargyl cation). In terminal alkynes, there is the only type of fragmentation that yields the 3-propynyl cation. The unsubstituted 3-propynyl cation exhibits a peak at a mass-to-charge ratio of 39. In internal alkynes, the 3-propynyl cation is substituted. For example, 2-pentyne fragments into methyl-substituted 3-propynyl cation, which...
Extraction: Partition and Distribution Coefficients01:14

Extraction: Partition and Distribution Coefficients

The distribution law or Nernst's distribution law is the law that governs the distribution of a solute between two immiscible solvents. This law, also known as the partition law, states that if a solute is added to the mixture of two immiscible solvents at a constant temperature, the solute is distributed between the two solvents in such a way that the ratio of solute concentrations in the solvents remains constant at equilibrium.
For extracting a solute from an aqueous phase into an organic...
Mass Spectrometry: Carboxylic Acid, Ester, and Amide Fragmentation01:01

Mass Spectrometry: Carboxylic Acid, Ester, and Amide Fragmentation

The fragmentation patterns observed for compounds such as carboxylic acids, esters, and amides in the mass spectra include ⍺-cleavage and McLafferty rearrangement. Fragmentation by ⍺-cleavage preferentially occurs at the carbon-carbon bond at the ⍺-position next to the carboxylic group to generate a neutral radical and a cation. Long chain compounds with hydrogen at their γ-carbon undergo McLafferty rearrangement to give a radical cation and a neutral alkene.
For example, the fragmentation of...

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Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Coulomb Explosion Imaging as a Tool to Distinguish Between Stereoisomers
08:51

Coulomb Explosion Imaging as a Tool to Distinguish Between Stereoisomers

Published on: August 18, 2017

Partonic pole matrix elements for fragmentation.

S Meissner1, A Metz

  • 1Institut für Theoretische Physik II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany.

Physical Review Letters
|June 13, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study analyzes parton correlations in fragmentation, finding that partonic pole matrix elements vanish. This result advances understanding of spin asymmetries and supports the universality of fragmentation functions.

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Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters
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Setting Limits on Supersymmetry Using Simplified Models
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Setting Limits on Supersymmetry Using Simplified Models

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Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Coulomb Explosion Imaging as a Tool to Distinguish Between Stereoisomers
08:51

Coulomb Explosion Imaging as a Tool to Distinguish Between Stereoisomers

Published on: August 18, 2017

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters
10:37

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters

Published on: January 9, 2014

Setting Limits on Supersymmetry Using Simplified Models
07:46

Setting Limits on Supersymmetry Using Simplified Models

Published on: November 15, 2013

Area of Science:

  • High Energy Physics
  • Quantum Chromodynamics
  • Particle Physics

Background:

  • Transverse single spin asymmetries in hard semi-inclusive reactions are crucial for understanding nucleon structure.
  • Collinear three-parton correlation functions are key theoretical tools in this area.
  • The behavior of partonic pole matrix elements is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To perform a model-independent analysis of collinear three-parton correlation functions for fragmentation.
  • To investigate the support properties of these correlation functions.
  • To clarify the role of partonic pole matrix elements in fragmentation processes.

Main Methods:

  • Model-independent analysis of theoretical constructs.
  • Investigation of support properties of correlation functions.
  • Application of theoretical frameworks in quantum chromodynamics.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that partonic pole matrix elements vanish.
  • Provided new insights into the nature of transverse single spin asymmetries.
  • Established strong evidence for the universality of transverse-momentum-dependent fragmentation functions.

Conclusions:

  • The vanishing of partonic pole matrix elements has significant implications for theoretical models.
  • This finding enhances the understanding of spin phenomena in particle physics.
  • The universality of fragmentation functions is further supported by this analysis.