Emergency department presentation of childhood cancer

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in children in the United States and is the most common cause of death due to disease. Although the signs and symptoms of these patients can be vague and can mimic other more common childhood illnesses, there are often specific elements of the cancer patient's history, examination, and laboratory evaluation that can lead the provider to the correct diagnosis. The manifestations of certain types of cancer constitute medical emergencies that require acute intervention. This article reviews the most common presentations of childhood cancer and the appropriate initial management in the Emergency Department.