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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets
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Thermalization dynamics close to a quantum phase transition.

Dario Patanè1, Alessandro Silva, Fernando Sols

  • 1MATIS CNR-INFM & Dipartimento di Metodologie Fisiche e Chimiche (DMFCI), Università di Catania, I - 95125 Catania, Italy.

Physical Review Letters
|August 8, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We studied quantum critical systems interacting with a thermal bath, observing how sudden temperature changes affect their dynamics. Two distinct regimes emerged, showing universal features in their out-of-equilibrium behavior.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Quantum Dynamics
  • Statistical Mechanics

Background:

  • Quantum critical systems exhibit unique behaviors near phase transitions.
  • Understanding non-equilibrium dynamics is crucial for quantum technologies.
  • Aging phenomena in classical systems provide a framework for studying time-dependent responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the dissipative dynamics of a quantum critical system coupled to a thermal bath.
  • Analyze the system's response to sudden changes in bath temperature.
  • Identify universal features in the out-of-equilibrium dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Considered the XY model in a transverse magnetic field with local bosonic bath coupling.
  • Analyzed spin-spin correlations and block correlations.
  • Examined the emergence of distinct dynamic regimes.

Main Results:

  • Identified two distinct regimes in the out-of-equilibrium dynamics.
  • Observed universal features characterized by critical exponents similar to equilibrium transitions.
  • Found that long-time equilibrium is reached via thermal front propagation.

Conclusions:

  • The system exhibits transient dynamics governed by equilibrium critical exponents.
  • Long-time dynamics resemble classical Glauber dynamics through thermal front propagation.
  • The study reveals universal aspects of quantum systems driven out of equilibrium by thermal baths.