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Related Concept Videos

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview01:09

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
Different compounds display unique properties due to their...
IR Spectrometers01:25

IR Spectrometers

There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview01:24

IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview

When Infrared (IR) radiation passes through a covalently bonded molecule, the bonds transition from lower to higher vibrational levels. The fundamental vibrational motions that result in infrared absorption can be classified as stretching or bending vibrations.
Stretching vibrations are vibrational motions that occur along the bond line, changing the bond length or distance between two bonded atoms. They are further distinguished as symmetric or asymmetric. In symmetric stretching, the...
IR Spectrum01:19

IR Spectrum

When infrared (IR) radiation passes through a molecule, the bonds stretch or bend by absorbing the radiation. This absorption creates the molecule's absorption spectrum, which is the plot of its percentage transmittance versus wavenumber.
Transmittance is defined as the ratio of the radiant power passing through a sample to that from the radiation's source. Multiplying the transmittance by 100 gives the percent transmittance (%T), which varies between 100% (no absorption) and 0% (complete...
IR Frequency Region: X–H Stretching01:24

IR Frequency Region: X–H Stretching

In IR spectroscopy, signals produced by the X−H bonds (such as C−H, O−H, or N−H) can be observed in the frequency range of  2700–4000 cm–1. The C−H stretching vibration forms sharp bands in the region 2850–3000 cm–1. The presence of the O−H stretching vibration leads to the forming of an absorption band in the frequency range 3650–3200 cm−1. At the same time, N−H stretching can be confirmed by absorption bands in the 3500–3100 cm−1 range. Even though both O−H and N−H bonds vibrate at a similar...
IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region01:03

IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region

IR spectra are divided into two main regions: the diagnostic region and the fingerprint region. The diagnostic region of the spectrum lies above 1500 cm−1. The absorptions resulting from single-bond vibrations of the N–H, C–H, and O–H stretch at higher wavenumbers and appear on the left side of the spectrum. The stretching absorptions of the C≡C and C≡N occur between 2100–2300 cm−1. In contrast, those arising from stretching absorptions of the C=O, C=N, and C=C occur between 1600–1850 cm−1.
The...

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Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Characterizing Far-infrared Laser Emissions and the Measurement of Their Frequencies
09:38

Characterizing Far-infrared Laser Emissions and the Measurement of Their Frequencies

Published on: December 18, 2015

Broadly tunable picosecond infrared source.

A J Campillo, R C Hyer, S L Shapiro

    Optics Letters
    |August 19, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    We developed a tunable picosecond infrared generator with controlled bandwidth, extending its reach to 10-20 micrometers using down-conversion. This infrared generator offers precise spectral control for advanced applications.

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    Infrared Degenerate Four-wave Mixing with Upconversion Detection for Quantitative Gas Sensing
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    Infrared Degenerate Four-wave Mixing with Upconversion Detection for Quantitative Gas Sensing

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    Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

    Characterizing Far-infrared Laser Emissions and the Measurement of Their Frequencies
    09:38

    Characterizing Far-infrared Laser Emissions and the Measurement of Their Frequencies

    Published on: December 18, 2015

    Infrared Degenerate Four-wave Mixing with Upconversion Detection for Quantitative Gas Sensing
    10:42

    Infrared Degenerate Four-wave Mixing with Upconversion Detection for Quantitative Gas Sensing

    Published on: March 22, 2019

    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Infrared Spectroscopy
    • Nonlinear Optics

    Background:

    • Picosecond infrared lasers are crucial for various spectroscopic applications.
    • Tunable infrared sources with controlled bandwidth are needed for advanced research.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To report a novel grating-tuned picosecond traveling-wave infrared generator.
    • To demonstrate controlled spectral-bandwidth operation down to the Fourier-transform limit.
    • To extend the tuning range using nonlinear frequency conversion.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a grating-tuned traveling-wave device for picosecond infrared generation.
    • Achieved controlled spectral-bandwidth operation.
    • Employed subsequent down-conversion in Cadmium Selenide (CdSe) crystals.

    Main Results:

    • Demonstrated a completely grating-tuned picosecond infrared generator operating from 1.9-2.4 micrometers.
    • Achieved controlled spectral-bandwidth operation down to the Fourier-transform limit.
    • Extended the infrared tuning range to 10-20 micrometers via CdSe down-conversion.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed infrared generator provides a versatile and tunable source.
    • Controlled spectral bandwidth and extended tuning range open new possibilities in infrared spectroscopy and nonlinear optics.