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Related Concept Videos

Law of Rational Indices01:29

Law of Rational Indices

The Law of rational indices is a fundamental principle in the field of crystallography. According to this law, the intercepts of a crystal face along the crystallographic axes (the three-dimensional axes along which a crystal is measured) can be expressed as either equivalent to the unit intercepts (a, b, c) or simple whole number multiples of them. These multiples are typically denoted as na, n'b, and n''c, where n, n', and n'' are simple whole numbers.To illustrate, consider a crystal with...
X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
Symmetry Elements in a Crystal01:27

Symmetry Elements in a Crystal

Crystal symmetry operations are isometric transformations that map objects onto indistinguishable copies while preserving distances, angles, and volumes. The simplest symmetry operation is translation, which shifts the entire infinite crystal lattice parallelly by a translation vector.Crystallographic rotations involve rotations by an angle of 2π/n around an axis without changing the positions of points on the axis. It is called the rotational axis of the symmetry, denoted by n. The combination...
Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
The Seven Crystal Systems: Overview01:24

The Seven Crystal Systems: Overview

Crystals with various point group symmetries belong to different crystal classes, which are synonymous terms. Despite being in the same class, crystals may have distinct shapes, like cubes and octahedra. There are 32 three-dimensional point groups, all of which are systematically divided into seven crystal systems.The basic cubic crystal system, exemplified by NaCl, features orthogonal vectors (α = β = �� = 90°) of equal lengths (a = b = c). When specific requirements are not imposed on the...

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Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Microfluidic Chips for In Situ Crystal X-ray Diffraction and In Situ Dynamic Light Scattering for Serial Crystallography
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Microfluidic Chips for In Situ Crystal X-ray Diffraction and In Situ Dynamic Light Scattering for Serial Crystallography

Published on: April 24, 2018

Inhibited reflection in uniaxial crystals.

M C Simon, R M Echarri

    Optics Letters
    |September 15, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Birefringent crystals exhibit inhibited reflection, where reflected rays disappear above a critical angle. This phenomenon, analogous to Snell

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    Determining the Ice-binding Planes of Antifreeze Proteins by Fluorescence-based Ice Plane Affinity

    Published on: January 15, 2014

    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Crystallography

    Background:

    • Birefringent crystals exhibit unique optical properties when light propagates through them.
    • Reflection of light from anisotropic materials can lead to complex phenomena beyond standard Snell's law.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate and describe the phenomenon of inhibited reflection in birefringent crystals.
    • To develop theoretical formulas for calculating critical angles in inhibited reflection.
    • To experimentally verify the theoretical predictions.

    Main Methods:

    • Derivation of reflection formulas for ordinary and extraordinary rays in birefringent media.
    • Calculation of critical angles where reflected rays cease to exist.
    • Experimental setup to visualize and measure inhibited reflection.

    Main Results:

    • Formulas for calculating reflected ray directions, similar to Snell's law, were established.
    • A critical angle for inhibited reflection was identified and its calculation method demonstrated.
    • Experimental results showed strong agreement with the derived theoretical predictions.

    Conclusions:

    • Inhibited reflection is a verifiable phenomenon in birefringent crystals.
    • The critical angle dictates the existence of reflected rays.
    • Theoretical calculations accurately predict experimental observations of inhibited reflection.