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Related Concept Videos

Fertilization01:38

Fertilization

During fertilization, an egg and sperm cell fuse to create a new diploid structure. In humans, the process occurs once the egg has been released from the ovary, and travels into the fallopian tubes. The process requires several key steps: 1) sperm present in the genital tract must locate the egg; 2) once there, sperm need to release enzymes to help them burrow through the protective zona pellucida of the egg; and 3) the membranes of a single sperm cell and egg must fuse, with the sperm...
Oogenesis02:07

Oogenesis

In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...
Meiosis II01:57

Meiosis II

Meiosis II is the second and final stage of meiosis. It relies on the haploid cells produced during meiosis I, each of which contain only 23 chromosomes—one from each homologous initial pair. Importantly, each chromosome in these cells is composed of two joined copies, and when these cells enter meiosis II, the goal is to separate such sister chromatids using the same microtubule-based network employed in other division processes. The result of meiosis II is two haploid cells, each containing...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Windowing Chicken Eggs for Developmental Studies
15:01

Windowing Chicken Eggs for Developmental Studies

Published on: October 1, 2007

The human egg is back.

Jose Cibelli1

  • 1Departments of Animal Science and Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. cibelli@msu.edu

Cell Stem Cell
|October 3, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers successfully transferred chromosomes into primate oocytes, creating live offspring and stem cells without donor mitochondria. This breakthrough may boost demand for human oocyte donation in scientific research.

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Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

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Published on: June 23, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Biology
  • Stem Cell Science
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is inherited maternally.
  • Nuclear genome transplantation is a technique to create embryos with nuclear DNA from one parent and mtDNA from another.
  • Previous studies have explored nuclear transfer in various species.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the feasibility of chromosomal transfer into recipient primate oocytes.
  • To generate live offspring and embryonic stem cells (ESCs) devoid of donor mitochondria.
  • To evaluate the potential impact on human oocyte donation for research.

Main Methods:

  • Chromosomal transfer into enucleated recipient primate oocytes.
  • In vitro culture of reconstructed oocytes.
  • Embryo transfer to surrogate mothers for live offspring.
  • Derivation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) from blastocysts.

Main Results:

  • Successful generation of live primate offspring following chromosomal transfer.
  • Derivation of monkey ESCs with nuclear genetic material from the donor and minimal or no donor mitochondria.
  • Demonstration of the viability of primate oocytes post-chromosomal transfer.

Conclusions:

  • Chromosomal transfer is a viable technique for producing primate offspring and ESCs with specific mitochondrial DNA.
  • The success of this method highlights the potential for advanced reproductive technologies.
  • This technique could influence future research directions and ethical considerations regarding human oocyte donation.