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Related Concept Videos

Mitral Valve Prolapse I: Introduction01:27

Mitral Valve Prolapse I: Introduction

IntroductionThe mitral valve, one of the heart's four valves, regulates blood flow. These valves have flaps that open and close to direct blood properly through the heart and body. During each heartbeat, the flaps open for blood to pass through and seal shut to prevent backflow. Specifically, the mitral valve opens to allow blood flow from the heart's upper left chamber to the lower left chamber. It then closes securely as the lower left chamber contracts to pump blood to the body, preventing...
Aortic Regurgitation III: Medical Management01:25

Aortic Regurgitation III: Medical Management

Aortic regurgitation (AR) is when the aortic valve does not close or seal properly, leading to backward blood circulation from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole. Common causes of AR include rheumatic heart disease, congenital valve defects, and aortic root dilation. Managing AR requires a multifaceted approach to alleviate symptoms, preserve left ventricular function, and address the underlying cause of the regurgitation. Patients with symptomatic AR or significant left...
Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction01:22

Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction

Mitral Valve Stenosis (MVS) is a heart condition where the mitral valve narrows, impeding blood circulation from the left atrium to the left ventricle. The etiology and pathophysiology of this condition are multifaceted, leading to a cascade of cardiovascular complications.Causes of Mitral Valve StenosisRheumatic Heart Disease: It is the main cause of mitral valve stenosis, particularly in developing nations. This condition arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory illness resulting from...
Mitral Stenosis III: Medical Management01:26

Mitral Stenosis III: Medical Management

Mitral stenosis, a condition marked by the narrowing of the mitral valve, necessitates an integrated approach for effective management. This approach includes preventative measures, medical therapy, and surgical interventions to reduce symptoms and prevent complications.PreventionPrevention of mitral stenosis primarily focuses on reducing the incidence of bacterial infections, particularly streptococcal infections, which can lead to rheumatic fever and subsequent valvular damage. Timely...
Aortic Regurgitation I: Introduction01:15

Aortic Regurgitation I: Introduction

IntroductionAortic regurgitation is characterized by the backward flow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole and arises from the improper closure of the aortic valve. This condition results in left ventricular volume overload and can stem from both acute and chronic etiologies, each contributing uniquely to the disease's progression and symptomatology.Acute and Chronic CausesAcute aortic regurgitation often results from events that suddenly impair the integrity of the...
Mitral Valve Prolapse II: Assessment and Management01:22

Mitral Valve Prolapse II: Assessment and Management

IntroductionA range of clinical features characterizes Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP), but it is important to note that many individuals with MVP are asymptomatic and may remain so throughout their lives. For those who do exhibit symptoms, the following are the key clinical features:Palpitations: This is a common symptom where individuals feel an irregular or rapid heartbeat. Palpitations in MVP are often due to arrhythmias such as premature ventricular contractions or supraventricular tachycardia.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Noninvasive Determination of Vortex Formation Time Using Transesophageal Echocardiography During Cardiac Surgery
04:48

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Published on: November 28, 2018

Quadricuspid aortic valve without severe dysfunction despite advanced age.

Arda Sanli Okmen1, Ertan Okmen

  • 1Department of Cardiology, Istanbul Memorial Hospital, 34758, Istanbul, Turkey.

Texas Heart Institute Journal
|October 31, 2009
PubMed
Summary

A rare quadricuspid aortic valve was incidentally discovered in a 75-year-old woman presenting with stable angina. This uncommon aortic valve anomaly showed near-normal function despite the patient's age.

Keywords:
Agedaortic valve/anomaliescoronary angiographyheart defects, congenital/diagnosisheart valve diseases

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Cox-Maze IV Procedure Concomitant with Valvular Surgery In Situs Inversus Dextrocardia: A Single-Center Experience in China
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Cox-Maze IV Procedure Concomitant with Valvular Surgery In Situs Inversus Dextrocardia: A Single-Center Experience in China

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Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Noninvasive Determination of Vortex Formation Time Using Transesophageal Echocardiography During Cardiac Surgery
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Published on: November 28, 2018

Standardized Technique of Aortic Valve Re-implantation for Valve-sparing Aortic Root Replacement
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Standardized Technique of Aortic Valve Re-implantation for Valve-sparing Aortic Root Replacement

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Cox-Maze IV Procedure Concomitant with Valvular Surgery In Situs Inversus Dextrocardia: A Single-Center Experience in China
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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Cardiac Surgery
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Aortic valve abnormalities are uncommon congenital conditions.
  • Quadricuspid aortic valve (QAV) is a rare variant, characterized by four leaflets instead of the usual three.
  • Incidental diagnosis during cardiac procedures is possible.

Observation:

  • A 75-year-old woman presented with symptoms of stable angina.
  • Coronary angiography revealed an incidentally diagnosed quadricuspid aortic valve.
  • The valve comprised four equal-sized leaflets.

Findings:

  • The quadricuspid aortic valve, despite its abnormal morphology, was functioning almost normally.
  • The patient's age did not appear to significantly impair valve function.

Implications:

  • This case highlights the importance of recognizing rare cardiac anomalies even in elderly patients.
  • Understanding the functional status of quadricuspid aortic valves is crucial for patient management.
  • Further research into the long-term prognosis and optimal treatment strategies for QAV is warranted.