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Related Concept Videos

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...

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Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

[Congenital hypothyroidism in Iceland 1979-1993.].

A V Thorsson, T V Gudmundsson

    Laeknabladid
    |January 13, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    Iceland

    Area of Science:

    • Endocrinology
    • Pediatrics
    • Public Health

    Context:

    • Congenital hypothyroidism (CHT) screening is crucial for early intervention.
    • A nationwide screening program in Iceland has been operational since 1979.
    • The study analyzes data from 1979-1993, covering 65,892 births.

    Purpose:

    • To report the incidence and outcomes of congenital hypothyroidism in Iceland.
    • To evaluate the effectiveness of the national screening program.
    • To assess the long-term developmental impact on affected children.

    Summary:

    • The Icelandic congenital hypothyroidism (CHT) screening program diagnosed 21 cases (1/3138) between 1979-1993.
    • Most children showed normal development and growth, though two with delayed diagnosis had mild developmental delays.

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

    Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
    04:39

    Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

    Published on: March 17, 2023

  • The screening program achieved 99.5% participation, with TSH measurements used for diagnosis.

    • Impact:

    • Provides valuable epidemiological data on CHT incidence in a Nordic population.
    • Highlights the importance of timely diagnosis and intervention for optimal neurodevelopmental outcomes.
    • Demonstrates the success of a long-standing, high-participation newborn screening program.