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Related Concept Videos

Spectrophotometry: Introduction01:16

Spectrophotometry: Introduction

Spectrophotometry is the quantitative measurement of the absorption, reflection, diffraction, or transmission of electromagnetic radiation through a material as a function of the intensity and wavelength of the radiation. A spectrophotometer is a device used to measure the change in the radiation intensity caused by its interaction with the material.
The essential components of a spectrophotometer include a source of electromagnetic radiation, a slot for placing a material to be analyzed, and a...
UV–Vis Spectrometers01:14

UV–Vis Spectrometers

The absorbance of UV and visible (UV–visible) radiations is measured using a UV–visible spectrophotometer. Deuterium lamps, which emit UV radiation, and tungsten lamps, which produce radiation in the visible region, are used as light sources in UV–visible spectrophotometers. A monochromator or prism is used for diffraction grating, i.e., to split the incoming radiation into different wavelengths. A system of slits is used to focus the desired wavelength on the sample cell. Samples for...
UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Beer–Lambert Law01:09

UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Beer–Lambert Law

The Beer-Lambert law describes the relationship between absorbance and concentration, which combines the principles established by scientists Johann Heinrich Lambert and August Beer. Lambert's law states that when light passes through a medium, the loss in intensity is directly proportional to the original intensity and the path length of the light. Beer's law proposed that the transmittance of a solution remains constant if the product of concentration and path length is constant. The modern...
Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview01:26

Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview

A conventional Raman spectrophotometer includes a laser source, a sample holding system, a wavelength selector, and a detector.
The monochromatic laser source, typically using visible or near-infrared radiation, generates a highly focused beam of light. This light interacts with the molecules of the sample, scattering some of the light. Liquid and gaseous samples are usually tested in ordinary glass capillaries, while solids can be analyzed as powders packed in capillaries or as potassium...
IR Spectrometers01:25

IR Spectrometers

There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

An atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) comprises several components: a radiation source, an atomizer, a monochromator, and a detector. The radiation source can be a hollow-cathode lamp (HCL) or an electrodeless-discharge lamp (EDL), both of which provide a narrow emission line of the required wavelength. However, some instruments use continuum sources and high-resolution monochromators to achieve a narrow range of radiation.
The atomizer used in AAS can be either a flame atomizer or an...

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UV-Vis Spectroscopic Characterization of Nanomaterials in Aqueous Media
05:16

UV-Vis Spectroscopic Characterization of Nanomaterials in Aqueous Media

Published on: October 25, 2021

New reference spectrophotometer.

K D Mielenz, K L Eckerle, R P Madden

    Applied Optics
    |February 4, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    A novel single beam spectrophotometer achieves high accuracy and precision in transmittance measurements using off-axis parabolic mirrors and a grating monochromator. This design minimizes systematic errors for reliable spectrophotometric analysis.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optical Engineering
    • Analytical Chemistry
    • Spectroscopy

    Background:

    • Accurate transmittance measurements are crucial for various scientific disciplines.
    • Existing spectrophotometers face limitations in accuracy and precision due to systematic errors.
    • Development of advanced spectrophotometric instrumentation is essential for improved analytical capabilities.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To introduce a new single beam spectrophotometer design.
    • To detail the optical configuration for enhanced accuracy and precision.
    • To present the design philosophy and address common systematic errors in spectrophotometry.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized off-axis parabolic mirrors for beam collimation and focusing.
    • Employed a plane grating monochromator with off-axis parabolic mirrors for wavelength selection.
    • Designed circular apertures for entrance and exit slits.
    • Investigated systematic errors including detector nonlinearity and stray radiant energy.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved inherent accuracy of 0.0001 transmittance units.
    • Demonstrated precision with a repeatability of 0.00004 transmittance units for neutral-density filters (10-30% transmittance).
    • Quantified systematic errors like detector nonlinearity and stray radiant energy.

    Conclusions:

    • The described single beam spectrophotometer offers superior accuracy and precision.
    • The design effectively mitigates common systematic errors in transmittance measurements.
    • This instrument advances the field of spectrophotometry for precise analytical applications.