Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Acute anti-obesity treatment with celastrol reduces body weight, cerebral inflammation and metabolic imbalances in mice.

Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.)·2026
Same author

MesenSistem-EB: systemic haploidentical mesenchymal stem cell therapy in recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa associated with clinical benefits and correlated with MCP1 and sCD40L dynamics.

Frontiers in immunology·2026
Same author

Cell-of-origin and genetic drivers define advanced bladder cancer subtypes and potential therapeutic response in mouse models.

Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR·2026
Same author

Unaltered NKG2D-CAR T cell function under hypoxia in osteosarcoma in vitro.

Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII·2026
Same author

Zinc as a Biomarker of Nutritional Status and Clinical Burden in Recessive Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa: Implications for Preventive Monitoring.

Nutrients·2026
Same author

Lymph node fibroblast phenotypes and immune crosstalk regulated by podoplanin activity.

Cell reports·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Preparation of Single-Cell Suspension of Mouse Thymic Epithelial Cells and Staining of Intracellular Molecules for Flow Cytometric Analysis
09:41

Preparation of Single-Cell Suspension of Mouse Thymic Epithelial Cells and Staining of Intracellular Molecules for Flow Cytometric Analysis

Published on: July 26, 2024

The CXCL12/CXCR4 pair in aged human thymus.

Carmen Hernández-López1, Alberto Varas, Rosa Sacedón

  • 1Center for Cytometry and Microscopy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain. carmenh@bio.ucm.es

Neuroimmunomodulation
|February 6, 2010
PubMed
Summary

This study investigated chemokine CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 in aging human thymus. Despite thymus involution, CXCL12 expression remained strong, but CXCR4 decreased on crucial progenitor cells.

More Related Videos

Isolation of CD4+ T-cells and Analysis of Circulating T-follicular Helper (cTfh) Cell Subsets from Peripheral Blood Using 6-color Flow Cytometry
07:39

Isolation of CD4+ T-cells and Analysis of Circulating T-follicular Helper (cTfh) Cell Subsets from Peripheral Blood Using 6-color Flow Cytometry

Published on: January 7, 2019

Characterization of Thymic Settling Progenitors in the Mouse Embryo Using In Vivo and In Vitro Assays
08:56

Characterization of Thymic Settling Progenitors in the Mouse Embryo Using In Vivo and In Vitro Assays

Published on: June 9, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Preparation of Single-Cell Suspension of Mouse Thymic Epithelial Cells and Staining of Intracellular Molecules for Flow Cytometric Analysis
09:41

Preparation of Single-Cell Suspension of Mouse Thymic Epithelial Cells and Staining of Intracellular Molecules for Flow Cytometric Analysis

Published on: July 26, 2024

Isolation of CD4+ T-cells and Analysis of Circulating T-follicular Helper (cTfh) Cell Subsets from Peripheral Blood Using 6-color Flow Cytometry
07:39

Isolation of CD4+ T-cells and Analysis of Circulating T-follicular Helper (cTfh) Cell Subsets from Peripheral Blood Using 6-color Flow Cytometry

Published on: January 7, 2019

Characterization of Thymic Settling Progenitors in the Mouse Embryo Using In Vivo and In Vitro Assays
08:56

Characterization of Thymic Settling Progenitors in the Mouse Embryo Using In Vivo and In Vitro Assays

Published on: June 9, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Aging Research

Background:

  • Chemokine CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 play roles in immune cell development.
  • Previous work showed CXCL12 and IL-7 synergize in controlling progenitor cell survival and proliferation.
  • The role of CXCL12 and CXCR4 in thymus involution during aging is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the expression of CXCL12 and CXCR4 in the aging human thymus.
  • To determine if these molecules are involved in thymus involution.

Main Methods:

  • Human thymus samples from different age groups were analyzed.
  • Expression levels and localization of CXCL12 and CXCR4 were assessed.
  • Immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry were utilized.

Main Results:

  • CXCL12 expression was found to be strong in older thymuses, localized to subcapsular and medullary areas.
  • The proportions of CD4/CD8 thymocyte subsets remained stable with age.
  • While CXCR4+ cell proportions were unchanged, a significant reduction in CXCR4 expression was observed on CD34+ progenitor cells in aged thymuses.

Conclusions:

  • CXCL12 expression persists in the aged human thymus.
  • Aged thymuses show reduced CXCR4 expression on CD34+ progenitor cells, suggesting a potential role in age-related thymic changes.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the functional implications of these findings.