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Related Concept Videos

Average Velocity01:12

Average Velocity

To calculate the other physical quantities in kinematics, we must introduce the time variable. The time variable allows us not only to state the position of the object during its motion, but also how fast it is moving. The speed at which an object is moving is given by the rate at which the position changes with time. For each position xi, we assign a particular time ti. If the details of the motion at each instant are not important, the rate is usually expressed as the average velocity. This...
Gravity between Spherical Bodies01:27

Gravity between Spherical Bodies

Newton's law of gravitation describes the gravitational force between any two point masses. However, for extended spherical objects like the Earth, the Moon, and other planets, the law holds with an assumption that masses of spherical objects are concentrated at their respective centers.
This assumption can be proved easily by showing that the expression for gravitational potential energy between a hollow sphere of mass (M) and a point mass (m) is the same as it would be for a pair of extended...
Gravitation Between Spherically Symmetric Masses01:14

Gravitation Between Spherically Symmetric Masses

The gravitational potential energy between two spherically symmetric bodies can be calculated from the masses and the distance between the bodies, assuming that the center of mass is concentrated at the respective centers of the bodies.
Average Acceleration01:30

Average Acceleration

The importance of understanding acceleration spans our day-to-day experiences, as well as the vast reaches of outer space and the tiny world of subatomic physics. In everyday conversation, to accelerate means to speed up. For instance, we are familiar with the acceleration of our car; the harder we apply our foot to the gas pedal, the faster we accelerate. The greater the acceleration, the greater the change in velocity over a given time. Acceleration is widely seen in experimental physics. In...
Spherical Coordinates01:23

Spherical Coordinates

Spherical coordinate systems are preferred over Cartesian, polar, or cylindrical coordinates for systems with spherical symmetry. For example, to describe the surface of a sphere, Cartesian coordinates require all three coordinates. On the other hand, the spherical coordinate system requires only one parameter: the sphere's radius. As a result, the complicated mathematical calculations become simple. Spherical coordinates are used in science and engineering applications like electric and...
Average and Instantaneous Velocity Vectors01:12

Average and Instantaneous Velocity Vectors

To calculate other physical quantities in kinematics, the time variable must be introduced. The time variable not only allows us to state where an object is (its position) during its motion, but also how fast it’s moving. The speed at which an object is moving is given by the rate at which the position changes with time. For each position, a particular time is assigned. If the details of the motion at each instant are not important, the rate is usually expressed as the average velocity v. This...

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Impacts of Free-falling Spheres on a Deep Liquid Pool with Altered Fluid and Impactor Surface Conditions
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Published on: February 17, 2019

Averaging spheres without target.

K D Mielenz, K L Eckerle

    Applied Optics
    |February 16, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    New averaging spheres without internal targets offer high efficiency and stability. These spheres achieve 40% efficiency for visible and near-UV light, with minimal signal variation for beam displacements.

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    Investigating the Deployment of Visual Attention Before Accurate and Averaging Saccades via Eye Tracking and Assessment of Visual Sensitivity

    Published on: March 18, 2019

    Area of Science:

    • Optical Engineering
    • Photometry

    Background:

    • Traditional averaging spheres often rely on internal targets, which can introduce complexities and limitations.
    • Developing targetless averaging spheres is crucial for simplifying optical designs and improving performance.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To describe the design of novel averaging spheres that do not incorporate an internal target.
    • To analyze the theoretical performance and experimentally validate the effectiveness of these targetless averaging spheres.

    Main Methods:

    • Theoretical analysis of the optical performance of targetless averaging spheres.
    • Experimental testing and validation of the designed averaging sphere prototypes.
    • Characterization of averaging effectiveness using beam displacement tests.

    Main Results:

    • A final design for a targetless averaging sphere was achieved.
    • An efficiency of 40% was obtained for wavelengths in the visible and near-ultraviolet (UV) spectrum.
    • Exceptional averaging effectiveness was demonstrated, with signal variations of approximately 1 part in 10^4 for beam displacements of 0.1 mm.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed targetless averaging spheres provide a viable and high-performance alternative to traditional designs.
    • The design offers excellent optical efficiency and remarkable signal stability, suitable for precise photometric applications.