Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Socioemotional Experience and Gender Development01:30

Socioemotional Experience and Gender Development

Social-emotional experiences and cultural influences play significant roles in shaping gender development. During middle childhood, from ages 6 to 11, peer groups become dominant in reinforcing gender norms. Children in this age group often align with same-gender peer groups, which actively encourage behaviors that conform to traditional gender roles. For instance, boys may be discouraged from engaging in activities perceived as feminine, reinforcing culturally dictated norms about masculinity...
The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness02:19

The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness

The Y chromosome is a sex chromosome found in several vertebrates and mammals, including humans. In addition to 22 pairs of autosomes, the human males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. In these organisms, the presence or absence of the Y chromosome determines the development of male traits.
Evolution
Around 300 million years ago, the two sex chromosomes diverged from two identical autosomal chromosomes. Over time, the Y chromosome has lost most of its genes, shrinking in size. Today,...
The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes02:45

The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes

In most organisms, sex is determined by the ratio of X and Y chromosomes. However, in some organisms, such as Drosophila and C.elegans, sex is determined by the ratio of the number of X chromosomes to the number of sets of autosomes. The Y chromosome in Drosophila is active but does not determine sex. It contains genes responsible for the production of sperms in adult flies.  
Normal male Drosophila has a ratio of one X chromosome to two sets of autosomes. In contrast, normal female Drosophila...
Stereotype Threat and Self-fulfilling Prophecies02:09

Stereotype Threat and Self-fulfilling Prophecies

When we hold a stereotype about a person, we have expectations that he or she will fulfill that stereotype. A self-fulfilling prophecy is an expectation held by a person that alters his or her behavior in a way that tends to make it true. When we hold stereotypes about a person, we tend to treat the person according to our expectations. This treatment can influence the person to act according to our stereotypic expectations, thus confirming our stereotypic beliefs. Research by Rosenthal and...
Criticisms of the Evolutionary Perspective01:23

Criticisms of the Evolutionary Perspective

In a study where individuals posing as strangers offered compliments and proposed casual sex to students, the responses differed significantly based on gender. Not a single woman accepted the proposal, while 70% of the men agreed. This outcome provides a useful scenario to explore through the lens of evolutionary psychology and social learning theory, highlighting the diverse perspectives on human sexual behaviors.
Evolutionary psychology provides one explanation for these findings, suggesting...
Self-Discrepancy Theory02:45

Self-Discrepancy Theory

One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Decreasing Racial Bias Through A Facilitated Game and Workshop: The Case of Fair Play.

Simulation & gaming·2026
Same author

Effect of a Workshop to Break the Bias Habit for Internal Medicine Faculty: A Multisite Cluster Randomized Controlled Study.

Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges·2023
Same author

A novel approach for assessing bias during team-based clinical decision-making.

Frontiers in public health·2023
Same author

Pilot test of a multicomponent implementation strategy for equity in advanced heart failure allocation.

American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons·2023
Same author

Group Dynamics and Allocation of Advanced Heart Failure Therapies-Heart Transplants and Ventricular Assist Devices-By Gender, Racial, and Ethnic Group.

Journal of the American Heart Association·2023
Same author

Mini-Residencies to Improve Care for Women Veterans: A Decade of Re-Educating Veterans Health Administration Primary Care Providers.

Journal of women's health (2002)·2022

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Skeletal Muscle Gender Dimorphism from Proteomics
09:29

Skeletal Muscle Gender Dimorphism from Proteomics

Published on: December 14, 2011

Commentary: deconstructing gender difference.

Molly Carnes1

  • 1Center for Women's Health Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison and Meriter Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, USA. mlcarnes@wisc.edu

Academic Medicine : Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges
|April 1, 2010
PubMed
Summary

In Japan, female physicians report lower clinical confidence than males, though actual differences are small. Focusing on averages may reinforce stereotypes, hindering career advancement and work-life balance for all physicians.

More Related Videos

Observing the Transformation of Bodily Self-consciousness in the Squeeze-machine Experiment
07:20

Observing the Transformation of Bodily Self-consciousness in the Squeeze-machine Experiment

Published on: March 8, 2019

Protocol for Studying Extinction of Conditioned Fear in Naturally Cycling Female Rats
09:07

Protocol for Studying Extinction of Conditioned Fear in Naturally Cycling Female Rats

Published on: February 23, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Skeletal Muscle Gender Dimorphism from Proteomics
09:29

Skeletal Muscle Gender Dimorphism from Proteomics

Published on: December 14, 2011

Observing the Transformation of Bodily Self-consciousness in the Squeeze-machine Experiment
07:20

Observing the Transformation of Bodily Self-consciousness in the Squeeze-machine Experiment

Published on: March 8, 2019

Protocol for Studying Extinction of Conditioned Fear in Naturally Cycling Female Rats
09:07

Protocol for Studying Extinction of Conditioned Fear in Naturally Cycling Female Rats

Published on: February 23, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Medical Education
  • Sociology of Medicine
  • Gender Studies in Medicine

Background:

  • Increasing female physician population in Japan necessitates examining gender dynamics in medical careers.
  • Social roles and gender norms impact equal opportunity and advancement for male and female physicians.

Discussion:

  • A survey of Japanese primary care residents revealed lower average self-rated clinical confidence in women compared to men.
  • These small average differences, with significant overlap, contrast with objective competence measures where women often perform equally or better.
  • Gendered differences in work-family priorities and leadership aspirations were observed, alongside individual variations regardless of gender.

Key Insights:

  • Lower self-rated confidence in female physicians may stem from societal norms of modesty, not necessarily lower competence.
  • Average group differences in confidence and aspirations should not overshadow individual capabilities and diverse career goals.
  • Over-reliance on group averages risks reinforcing gender stereotypes, impeding individual career progression and work-life balance.

Outlook:

  • Future research should explore the impact of societal expectations on physician confidence and career trajectories.
  • Interventions promoting equitable career advancement and work-life integration for all physicians are crucial.
  • Understanding individual aspirations beyond gendered norms is key to fostering a diverse and inclusive medical profession.