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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...
Cryo-electron Microscopy01:28

Cryo-electron Microscopy

Conventional electron microscopy (EM) involves dehydration, fixation, and staining of biological samples, which distorts the native state of biological molecules and results in several artifacts. Also, the high-energy electron beam damages the sample and makes it difficult to obtain high-resolution images. These issues can be addressed using cryo-EM, which uses frozen samples and gentler electron beams. The technique was developed by Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank, and Richard Henderson, for...

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Biological Samples Preparation for Speciation at Cryogenic Temperature using High-Resolution X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy
06:00

Biological Samples Preparation for Speciation at Cryogenic Temperature using High-Resolution X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy

Published on: May 27, 2022

Cryogenic X-ray diffraction microscopy for biological samples.

Enju Lima1, Lutz Wiegart, Petra Pernot

  • 1European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, B.P. 220, F-38043 Grenoble, France. elima@bnl.gov

Physical Review Letters
|April 7, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cryogenic X-ray diffraction microscopy (cryo-XDM) enables high-resolution imaging of frozen-hydrated biological samples. This technique reveals internal bacterial structures without artifacts from dehydration or fixation.

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Last Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Biological Samples Preparation for Speciation at Cryogenic Temperature using High-Resolution X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy
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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Microscopy
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • X-ray diffraction microscopy (XDM) offers non-destructive, high-resolution imaging for biological samples.
  • X-ray penetration power is advantageous for thick specimens, overcoming lens limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop nonvacuum, cryogenic XDM (cryo-XDM) for biological imaging.
  • To demonstrate the first frozen-hydrated imaging capabilities of XDM.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized hard x rays at 8 keV for cryo-XDM.
  • Preserved biological samples in amorphous ice to maintain native conditions.
  • Reconstructed internal structures of intact bacteria.

Main Results:

  • Successfully performed the first frozen-hydrated imaging using XDM.
  • Demonstrated cryo-XDM's ability to image samples in their natural, hydrated state.
  • Visualized internal structures of intact *D. radiodurans* bacteria with native contrast.

Conclusions:

  • Cryo-XDM avoids artifacts from dehydration or chemical fixation.
  • This method provides imaging conditions closest to the natural state of biological samples.
  • XDM is a powerful tool for high-resolution imaging of intact, frozen-hydrated biological specimens.