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Related Concept Videos

Entropy Change in Reversible Processes01:10

Entropy Change in Reversible Processes

In the Carnot engine, which achieves the maximum efficiency between two reservoirs of fixed temperatures, the total change in entropy is zero. The observation can be generalized by considering any reversible cyclic process consisting of many Carnot cycles. Thus, it can be stated that the total entropy change of any ideal reversible cycle is zero.
The statement can be further generalized to prove that entropy is a state function. Take a cyclic process between any two points on a p-V diagram.
Color Vision01:24

Color Vision

Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
Colors and Magnetism03:02

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human eye.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2026

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference
07:56

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

Published on: September 5, 2019

Discrete tunable color entanglement.

S Ramelow1, L Ratschbacher, A Fedrizzi

  • 1Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.

Physical Review Letters
|April 7, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a novel hybrid quantum gate to transfer polarization entanglement onto the color degree of freedom (DOF) in photons. This breakthrough enables high-quality, color-entangled states for advanced quantum communication applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum Information Science
  • Quantum Optics
  • Quantum Communication

Background:

  • Classical communications extensively use frequency multiplexing.
  • The color degree of freedom (DOF) remains underexplored in quantum applications.
  • Bridging this gap is crucial for advancing quantum technologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally demonstrate a novel hybrid quantum gate.
  • To transfer polarization entanglement onto the color DOF of photons.
  • To create and verify high-quality, color-entangled quantum states.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a new hybrid quantum gate.
  • Experimental generation of discretely color-entangled photon states.
  • Reconstruction of a restricted density matrix to quantify entanglement.

Main Results:

  • Creation of high-quality, color-entangled states with an 8.4 THz energy band gap.
  • Unambiguous verification and quantification of entanglement (tangle, 0.611 +/- 0.009).
  • Generation of maximally entangled states and mutually unbiased bases for encoded qubits.

Conclusions:

  • The demonstrated hybrid quantum gate effectively transfers polarization entanglement to the color DOF.
  • This technique opens new avenues for quantum information processing and communication.
  • The method is generalizable to other photonic degrees of freedom, such as orbital angular momentum.