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The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra. Schrödinger...
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The Uncertainty Principle04:08

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
06:42

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

Published on: June 8, 2018

Testing contextuality on quantum ensembles with one clean qubit.

Osama Moussa1, Colm A Ryan, David G Cory

  • 1Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L3G1, Canada. omoussa@iqc.ca

Physical Review Letters
|May 21, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We developed a new quantum measurement protocol to test hidden-variable theories. Our experiment shows a violation of noncontextual hidden-variable inequalities using nuclear magnetic resonance.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
06:42

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

Published on: June 8, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Quantum mechanics
  • Quantum information science
  • Solid-state physics

Background:

  • Noncontextual hidden-variable theories propose that quantum measurement outcomes are predetermined.
  • Testing these theories requires complex quantum experiments and careful analysis of measurement correlations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a protocol for evaluating expectation values of measurement outcome correlations in quantum systems.
  • To experimentally demonstrate the violation of inequalities satisfied by noncontextual hidden-variable theories.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a protocol to measure correlations of quantum system ensembles.
  • Utilized nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques for quantum information processing.
  • Performed experiments on molecular nuclear spins in the solid state.

Main Results:

  • Successfully evaluated the expectation value of correlations for quantum system ensembles.
  • Demonstrated a violation of a key inequality under the assumption of fair sampling.
  • Provided experimental evidence against noncontextual hidden-variable theories.

Conclusions:

  • The presented protocol offers a viable method for testing fundamental quantum mechanics principles.
  • Experimental results challenge the validity of noncontextual hidden-variable descriptions of reality.
  • Nuclear magnetic resonance is a powerful tool for quantum information processing and fundamental physics tests.