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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.

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Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans
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Epigenetic reprogramming--taking a lesson from the embryo.

Petra Hajkova1

  • 1MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK. petra.hajkova@csc.mrc.ac.uk

Current Opinion in Cell Biology
|June 12, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Epigenetic reprogramming erases cellular information, reversing differentiation to restore pluripotency. Analyzing natural development offers clues to improve inefficient in vitro reprogramming methods.

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A Two-Step Strategy that Combines Epigenetic Modification and Biomechanical Cues to Generate Mammalian Pluripotent Cells
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Published on: August 29, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Cellular Reprogramming

Background:

  • Epigenetic reprogramming erases epigenetic information, often reversing cell differentiation.
  • This process can re-establish a pluripotent, embryonic stem (ES)-like cell phenotype.
  • Natural, genome-wide epigenetic reprogramming occurs during mammalian development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze developmental reprogramming events in vivo.
  • To gain mechanistic insights into epigenetic reprogramming.
  • To inform the design of more efficient in vitro reprogramming strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of natural in vivo epigenetic reprogramming during mammalian development.
  • Comparative study of in vivo and in vitro reprogramming efficiencies.
  • Mechanistic investigation of developmental reprogramming events.

Main Results:

  • In vitro reprogramming systems are currently inefficient and time-consuming compared to natural processes.
  • Developmental reprogramming in vivo provides a model for understanding pluripotency restoration.
  • Mechanistic insights can be derived from studying natural reprogramming events.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding natural epigenetic reprogramming is crucial for improving in vitro methods.
  • Further analysis of developmental processes can enhance the efficiency of somatic cell reprogramming.
  • This research aims to bridge the gap between natural and artificial reprogramming systems.