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Related Concept Videos

Echo01:06

Echo

The human ear cannot distinguish between two sources of sound if they happen to reach within a specific time interval, typically 0.1 seconds apart. More than this, and they are perceived as separate sources.
Imagine the sound is reflected back to the ears. Assuming that the source is very close to the human, the difference between hearing the two sounds—the emitted sound and the reflected sound—may be more than the minimum time for perceiving distinct sounds. If this is the case, then the...
Interference: Path Lengths01:10

Interference: Path Lengths

Consider two sources of sound, that may or may not be in phase, emitting waves at a single frequency, and consider the frequencies to be the same.
Two special sources may be considered when they are in phase. This can be easily achieved by feeding the two sources from the same source. An example would be synchronizing the two speakers by feeding them with the same source, such as the sound waves produced by a tuning fork. This setup ensures that the two sources have the same frequency and are...
Sound Waves: Interference00:53

Sound Waves: Interference

Sound waves can be modeled either as longitudinal waves, wherein the molecules of the medium oscillate around an equilibrium position, or as pressure waves. When two identical waves from the same source superimpose on each other, the combination of two crests or two troughs results in amplitude reinforcement known as constructive interference. If two identical waves, that are initially in phase, become out of phase because of different path lengths, the combination of crests with troughs...
Sound Waves: Resonance01:14

Sound Waves: Resonance

Resonance is produced depending on the boundary conditions imposed on a wave. Resonance can be produced in a string under tension with symmetrical boundary conditions (i.e., has a node at each end). A node is defined as a fixed point where the string does not move. The symmetrical boundary conditions result in some frequencies resonating and producing standing waves, while other frequencies interfere destructively. Sound waves can resonate in a hollow tube, and the frequencies of the sound...
Standing Waves in a Cavity01:28

Standing Waves in a Cavity

A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:
Intensity and Pressure of Sound Waves01:05

Intensity and Pressure of Sound Waves

The intensity of sound waves can be related to displacement and pressure amplitudes by using their wave expressions and the definition of intensity. The critical step to achieve this is to write the power delivered by the particles on the wave as the product of force and velocity and simplify the force per unit area as the pressure. The velocity of the medium's particles can be derived from the displacement.
Unlike the time average of a sinusoidal term, which is zero since it is positive and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Microparticle Manipulation by Standing Surface Acoustic Waves with Dual-frequency Excitations
06:51

Microparticle Manipulation by Standing Surface Acoustic Waves with Dual-frequency Excitations

Published on: August 21, 2018

Maximization of acoustic energy difference between two spaces.

Mincheol Shin1, Sung Q Lee, Filippo M Fazi

  • 1Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, University of Southampton, University Road, Highfield, Southampton S017 1BJ, United Kingdom.

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
|July 24, 2010
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel method for controlling sound fields, making sound audible in one area and inaudible in another. The technique optimizes acoustic energy differences between regions, outperforming previous contrast control methods.

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Area of Science:

  • Acoustics
  • Signal Processing
  • Spatial Audio

Background:

  • Growing interest in creating targeted sound zones.
  • Need for methods to control sound audibility in adjacent regions.
  • Limitations of existing contrast control methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a new method for generating spatially distinct sound fields.
  • To maximize acoustic energy difference between two regions.
  • To ensure even source strength distribution.

Main Methods:

  • Controlling amplitude and phase of multiple acoustic sources.
  • Optimizing for acoustic energy difference and source strength distribution.
  • Validation through computer simulations and real-world loudspeaker array experiments (circular and spherical).

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated improvement in sound radiation efficiency into the desired audible space.
  • Successfully maintained acoustic pressure difference between adjacent spaces.
  • Achieved superior performance compared to the previously proposed contrast control method.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed method effectively creates distinct audible and inaudible sound zones.
  • Offers enhanced control over spatial sound fields.
  • Represents a significant advancement over existing techniques for targeted sound delivery.