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Related Concept Videos

Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts01:57

Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts

Groups of proteins may form a complex where each protein in this complex has a different role in the overall execution of the complex’s function. Often some of the proteins in the complex can be replaced by a closely related variant to give a complex that contains many of the same components yet is functionally distinct.
The SCF ubiquitin ligase is a protein complex of five individual proteins. This complex attaches ubiquitin to other target proteins to mark them for degradation. In order to...
Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts01:57

Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts

Groups of proteins may form a complex where each protein in this complex has a different role in the overall execution of the complex’s function. Often some of the proteins in the complex can be replaced by a closely related variant to give a complex that contains many of the same components yet is functionally distinct.
The SCF ubiquitin ligase is a protein complex of five individual proteins. This complex attaches ubiquitin to other target proteins to mark them for degradation. In order to...
Hedgehog Signaling Pathway02:33

Hedgehog Signaling Pathway

The Hedgehog gene (Hh) was first discovered due to its control of the growth of disorganized, hair-like bristles phenotype in Drosophila, much like hedgehog spines. Hh plays a crucial role in the development of organs and the maintenance of homeostasis in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, while Drosophila has only one Hh protein, mammals have multiple functional Hedgehog proteins - Sonic (Shh), Desert (Dhh), and Indian Hedgehog (Ihh). All of these homologous proteins have adapted to...
Hedgehog Signaling Pathway02:33

Hedgehog Signaling Pathway

The Hedgehog gene (Hh) was first discovered due to its control of the growth of disorganized, hair-like bristles phenotype in Drosophila, much like hedgehog spines. Hh plays a crucial role in the development of organs and the maintenance of homeostasis in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, while Drosophila has only one Hh protein, mammals have multiple functional Hedgehog proteins - Sonic (Shh), Desert (Dhh), and Indian Hedgehog (Ihh). All of these homologous proteins have adapted to...
Convergent Evolution01:54

Convergent Evolution

Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.The structures that arise from convergent evolution are called analogous structures. They are similar in function even if they are dissimilar in structure. Further, structures can be analogous while also...
Eukaryotic Evolution01:24

Eukaryotic Evolution

The endosymbiont theory is the most widely accepted theory of eukaryotic evolution; however, its progression is still somewhat debated. According to the nucleus-first hypothesis, the ancestral prokaryote first evolved a membrane to enclose DNA and form the nucleus. Conversely, the mitochondria-first hypothesis suggests that the nucleus was formed after endosymbiosis of mitochondria.
Contrary to the endosymbiont theory, the eukaryote-first hypothesis proposes that the simpler prokaryotic and...

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Updated: Jun 9, 2026

HOX Loci Focused CRISPR/sgRNA Library Screening Identifying Critical CTCF Boundaries
10:10

HOX Loci Focused CRISPR/sgRNA Library Screening Identifying Critical CTCF Boundaries

Published on: March 31, 2019

Evolution of Hox complexes.

David E K Ferrier1

  • 1The Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, East Sands, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 8LB, UK. dekf@st-andrews.ac.uk

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|August 28, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The origin and evolution of Hox gene clusters are debated, with evidence suggesting early animal origins and lineage-specific duplications and losses. Further research requires broader taxon sampling and understanding duplicated gene evolution.

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Last Updated: Jun 9, 2026

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Published on: February 16, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genomics
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • The origin and evolution of the Hox gene cluster are subjects of ongoing scientific debate.
  • Numerous hypotheses exist regarding the evolutionary history of these crucial developmental genes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize current hypotheses on Hox gene cluster evolution.
  • To identify the strengths and weaknesses of competing ideas.
  • To highlight future research directions for resolving evolutionary questions.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of existing literature on Hox gene evolution.
  • Comparative analysis of Hox gene cluster structures across diverse animal lineages.
  • Identification of key data gaps and experimental approaches.

Main Results:

  • Hox genes likely originated very early in animal evolution.
  • Extensive independent gene duplications occurred in major animal lineages.
  • Significant gene losses have also shaped Hox cluster composition and structure, posing challenges to understanding their evolution.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding Hox gene cluster evolution requires acknowledging both duplications and losses.
  • Broader taxonomic sampling is crucial for resolving evolutionary relationships.
  • Further investigation into the evolutionary dynamics of duplicated genes is needed.