Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Glucose concentration modulates bovine intervertebral disc response under physiological loading.

Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology·2026
Same author

The impact of mechanical bioreactors on human mesenchymal stromal cells utilized for articular cartilage repair.

Acta biomaterialia·2025
Same author

Arginine concentration in arterial vs venous blood in a bleomycin-induced lung inflammation model in mice.

PloS one·2023
Same author

Impact on daily mobility and risk of falling in bilateral vestibulopathy.

Journal of neurology·2022
Same author

Decreased Craniocervical CSF Flow in Patients with Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus: A Pilot Study.

AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology·2022
Same author

Bone infection: a clinical priority for clinicians, scientists and educators.

European cells & materials·2021

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Application of Retinoic Acid to Obtain Osteocytes Cultures from Primary Mouse Osteoblasts
07:13

Application of Retinoic Acid to Obtain Osteocytes Cultures from Primary Mouse Osteoblasts

Published on: May 13, 2014

Pellet culture model for human primary osteoblasts.

K Jähn, R G Richards, C W Archer

    European Cells & Materials
    |September 7, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    Three-dimensional pellet cultures enhance osteoblast maturation and extracellular matrix production compared to traditional 2D cultures. This 3D approach accelerates the transformation of human primary osteoblasts into a more mature phenotype for improved in vitro studies.

    More Related Videos

    Modeling Osteosarcoma Using Li-Fraumeni Syndrome Patient-derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
    08:52

    Modeling Osteosarcoma Using Li-Fraumeni Syndrome Patient-derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

    Published on: June 13, 2018

    Development of a Human Preclinical Model of Osteoclastogenesis from Peripheral Blood Monocytes Co-cultured with Breast Cancer Cell Lines
    06:00

    Development of a Human Preclinical Model of Osteoclastogenesis from Peripheral Blood Monocytes Co-cultured with Breast Cancer Cell Lines

    Published on: September 13, 2017

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 9, 2026

    Application of Retinoic Acid to Obtain Osteocytes Cultures from Primary Mouse Osteoblasts
    07:13

    Application of Retinoic Acid to Obtain Osteocytes Cultures from Primary Mouse Osteoblasts

    Published on: May 13, 2014

    Modeling Osteosarcoma Using Li-Fraumeni Syndrome Patient-derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
    08:52

    Modeling Osteosarcoma Using Li-Fraumeni Syndrome Patient-derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

    Published on: June 13, 2018

    Development of a Human Preclinical Model of Osteoclastogenesis from Peripheral Blood Monocytes Co-cultured with Breast Cancer Cell Lines
    06:00

    Development of a Human Preclinical Model of Osteoclastogenesis from Peripheral Blood Monocytes Co-cultured with Breast Cancer Cell Lines

    Published on: September 13, 2017

    Area of Science:

    • Biomaterials Science
    • Cell Biology
    • Tissue Engineering

    Background:

    • In vitro monolayer culture of human primary osteoblasts (hOBs) often yields suboptimal extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, maturation, and calcification.
    • Monolayer culture remains the standard for in vitro osteoblast differentiation, despite limitations in achieving mature phenotypes.
    • Previous studies suggested a link between reduced proliferation and enhanced matrix maturation gene expression in osteoblasts.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the potential of a 3D pellet culture model to improve osteoblast differentiation and maturation compared to 2D monolayer cultures.
    • To assess the impact of different culture densities (low-density monolayer, high-density monolayer, and pellet culture) on hOB phenotype.
    • To evaluate the expression of key osteoblast phenotypic markers in response to varying culture conditions.

    Main Methods:

    • Human primary osteoblasts (hOBs) were cultured using both 2D monolayer and 3D pellet methods.
    • Monolayer cultures were established at varying cell densities (low and high).
    • Expression levels of osteoblast markers (Runx2, osterix, osteocalcin, col I, E11 mRNA) were analyzed across culture types.

    Main Results:

    • Pellet cultures successfully generated a population of cuboidal-shaped osteoblastic cells.
    • Pellet cultures and high-density monolayers (40,000 cells/cm2) exhibited reduced proliferation compared to low-density monolayers.
    • Significant differences in phenotypic marker gene expression were observed between low-density monolayer, high-density monolayer, and pellet cultures, indicating distinct maturation states.

    Conclusions:

    • Three-dimensional (3D) pellet culture accelerates the in vitro transformation of osteoblasts towards a more mature phenotype.
    • High-density monolayer culture promotes more mature osteoblasts than low-density monolayer culture.
    • Pellet-cultured hOBs demonstrate further advancement in osteoblast phenotype compared to both low- and high-density monolayer cultures, suggesting superior potential for regenerative medicine applications.