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Related Concept Videos

Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
Resonance and Hybrid Structures02:16

Resonance and Hybrid Structures

According to the theory of resonance, if two or more Lewis structures with the same arrangement of atoms can be written for a molecule, ion, or radical, the actual distribution of electrons is an average of that shown by the various Lewis structures.
Resonance Structures and Resonance Hybrids
The Lewis structure of a nitrite anion (NO2−) may actually be drawn in two different ways, distinguished by the locations of the N–O and N=O bonds.
Complexation Equilibria: Factors Influencing Stability of Complexes01:09

Complexation Equilibria: Factors Influencing Stability of Complexes

In complexation reactions, metal cations are the electron pair acceptors, and the ligands are the electron pair donors. The stability of the metal complexes depends primarily on the complexing ability of the central metal ion and the nature of the ligands. Generally, the complexing ability of the metal ion depends on the size and charge of the ion. As the metal ion size increases, the stability of the metal complexes decreases, provided that the valency of the metal ion and the ligands remain...
Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect01:19

Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect

In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2026

All-electronic Nanosecond-resolved Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Facilitating the Investigation of Single Dopant Charge Dynamics
11:33

All-electronic Nanosecond-resolved Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Facilitating the Investigation of Single Dopant Charge Dynamics

Published on: January 19, 2018

Charge localization in isolated mixed-valence complexes: an STM and theoretical study.

Yuhui Lu1, Rebecca Quardokus, Craig S Lent

  • 1Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|September 9, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Scanning tunneling microscopy revealed distinct imaging for neutral and mixed-valence iron complexes. Charge localization in the mixed-valence state offers new possibilities for molecular electronics and smart materials.

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Area of Science:

  • Organometallic Chemistry
  • Surface Science
  • Molecular Electronics

Background:

  • Mixed-valence complexes exhibit unique electronic properties.
  • Understanding charge localization is crucial for molecular devices.
  • Iron complexes offer versatile coordination chemistry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the electronic structure of a specific iron complex.
  • To visualize charge localization in mixed-valence states using STM.
  • To explore potential applications in molecular electronics.

Main Methods:

  • Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) at 77 K under ultrahigh vacuum.
  • Synthesis and characterization of neutral Fe(II)-Fe(II) and mixed-valence Fe(II)-Fe(III) complexes.
  • Constrained density-functional theory (CDFT) calculations for theoretical STM image simulation.

Main Results:

  • Neutral Fe(II)-Fe(II) complex displayed a symmetric "dumbbell" STM image.
  • Mixed-valence Fe(II)-Fe(III) complex showed an asymmetric bright-dim double-dot structure.
  • Asymmetry confirmed electron localization to one iron-ligand center.

Conclusions:

  • STM successfully visualizes charge localization in mixed-valence iron complexes.
  • Electron localization in the solid state opens avenues for surface charge control.
  • Potential applications in smart materials and molecular electronic devices.