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Related Concept Videos

Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
Lattice Centering and Coordination Number02:33

Lattice Centering and Coordination Number

The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
Types of Unit Cells
Imagine taking a large number of identical...
Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
The Seven Crystal Systems: Overview01:24

The Seven Crystal Systems: Overview

Crystals with various point group symmetries belong to different crystal classes, which are synonymous terms. Despite being in the same class, crystals may have distinct shapes, like cubes and octahedra. There are 32 three-dimensional point groups, all of which are systematically divided into seven crystal systems.The basic cubic crystal system, exemplified by NaCl, features orthogonal vectors (α = β = �� = 90°) of equal lengths (a = b = c). When specific requirements are not imposed on the...

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Updated: Jun 8, 2026

The Generation of Higher-order Laguerre-Gauss Optical Beams for High-precision Interferometry
12:14

The Generation of Higher-order Laguerre-Gauss Optical Beams for High-precision Interferometry

Published on: August 12, 2013

Method to generate complex quasinondiffracting optical lattices.

Servando López-Aguayo1, Yaroslav V Kartashov, Victor A Vysloukh

  • 1ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, and Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain.

Physical Review Letters
|September 28, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new technique to create complex, non-diffracting light beams. These beams can form intricate patterns like spirals and bent stripes, enabling advanced applications in optics and biophysics.

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Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
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Fabrication and Characterization of Optical Tissue Phantoms Containing Macrostructure

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 8, 2026

The Generation of Higher-order Laguerre-Gauss Optical Beams for High-precision Interferometry
12:14

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Published on: August 12, 2013

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Area of Science:

  • Optics and Photonics
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Generating light beams that maintain their shape over distance is crucial for optical manipulation.
  • Existing methods have limitations in creating complex beam profiles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel technique for generating quasinondiffracting light beams with diverse complex transverse shapes.
  • To demonstrate the capability of producing various intricate beam patterns.

Main Methods:

  • A new technique was developed to precisely control light beam propagation.
  • The method allows for the creation of beams with specific, complex transverse intensity distributions.

Main Results:

  • Successfully generated quasinondiffracting beams with complex transverse shapes.
  • Demonstrated the production of spiraling patterns, curved stripes, and combinations of standard beam types (Bessel, Mathieu, parabolic).
  • These patterns can occupy distinct regions in the transverse plane.

Conclusions:

  • The developed technique offers a versatile platform for creating tailored light fields.
  • These quasinondiffracting beams have significant potential for applications in manipulating matter, optical waves, and particles.
  • Potential applications span biophysics, quantum optics, nonlinear optics, and atom optics.