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Related Concept Videos

Gastrulation01:56

Gastrulation

Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata will form...
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Plant morphogenesis—the development of a plant’s form and structure—involves several overlapping developmental processes, including growth and cell differentiation. Precursor cells differentiate into specific cell types, which are organized into the tissues and organ systems that make up the functional plant.
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The development of all multicellular organisms starts with the fusion of haploid cells called sperm and egg to form a diploid zygote. A zygote is a totipotent cell that can develop into a complete organism. The zygote undergoes cell division or cleavage to form an 8-cell mass. Until this stage, the cells are spherical, loosely attached, and remain totipotent. Totipotent cells are capable of developing both the embryonic and the extraembryonic tissues. However, as they continue to divide, they...
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Determination

During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In contrast, determination...
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Positioning the cell division plane is a critical step during development and cell differentiation, particularly during mitosis when the plane is essential for determining the size of the two daughter cells. The cell division plane is perpendicular to the plane of chromosome segregation, but different types of organisms have different cell division mechanisms to suit their morphology and function. 
Animal cells
In animal cells, the cleavage furrow forms along the plane of cell division starting...
Determining the Plane of Cell Division02:13

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Positioning the cell division plane is a critical step during development and cell differentiation, particularly during mitosis when the plane is essential for determining the size of the two daughter cells. The cell division plane is perpendicular to the plane of chromosome segregation, but different types of organisms have different cell division mechanisms to suit their morphology and function. 
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Three and Four-Dimensional Visualization and Analysis Approaches to Study Vertebrate Axial Elongation and Segmentation
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Avian somitogenesis: translating time and space into pattern.

Beate Brand-Saberi1, Stefan Rudloff, Anton J Gamel

  • 1Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Albertstrasse 23, 79104 Freiburg, Germany. beate.brand-saberi@anat.uni-freiburg.de

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|November 3, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Somitogenesis, the formation of body segments in vertebrates, involves a "segmentation clock" and morphogen gradients. Molecular data supports this, highlighting cycling gene expression and signaling pathways like Notch and Wnt.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Molecular biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Vertebrate development relies on a metameric body plan established by paired somites.
  • Somites arise from the segmental plate via a cranio-caudal sequence, with new material added from the tailbud.
  • The precise mechanisms of somite formation, including segmentation clock and morphogen gradients, are areas of active research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the molecular mechanisms underlying somitogenesis in vertebrates.
  • To investigate the roles of key signaling pathways and transcription factors in somite development.
  • To provide insights into the genetic control of body plan formation.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of gene expression patterns, including cycling genes like cHairy1 and Axin2.
  • Investigation of signaling pathways such as Notch/Delta and Wnt.
  • Utilizing molecular approaches in chick embryos, including electroporation and RNA interference.

Main Results:

  • Evidence supports a segmentation clock model involving oscillating gene expression (e.g., cHairy1, Lunatic Fringe) regulated by the Notch/Delta pathway.
  • Axin2, a Wnt pathway regulator, also exhibits cycling expression, independent of Notch, and is influenced by Wnt3a.
  • Transcription factors like Paraxis (bHLH) and Hox genes are crucial for epithelialization and regional identity specification.

Conclusions:

  • Somitogenesis is a complex process regulated by a segmentation clock and morphogen gradients.
  • The Notch/Delta and Wnt signaling pathways play critical roles in regulating somitogenesis.
  • Molecular tools in chick embryos facilitate further elucidation of somitogenesis mechanisms.