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Related Concept Videos

The Early Endosome: Endocytosis of Transferrin01:28

The Early Endosome: Endocytosis of Transferrin

Essential proteins such as insulin or low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and micronutrients such as iron enter a eukaryotic cell through receptor-mediated endocytosis. Subsequently, the early endosomes fuse with the vesicles containing such receptor-ligand complexes and play a vital role in sorting the incoming ligands and receptors. While the ligands are either degraded inside the vesicle or released into the cytosol, their receptors are returned to the plasma membrane for further rounds of...
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Structure of Porins

Mitochondria, chloroplasts, and gram-negative bacteria have transmembrane, beta-barrel proteins called porins to mediate the free diffusion of ions and metabolites across the membrane. Mitochondrial porin precursors contain conserved amino acid sequences called beta signals at their C-terminal. Beta signals have a  motif of PoXGXXHyXHy (Po-Polar, X-Any amino acid, G-Glycine, Hy-LargeHydrophobic), which are crucial for precursor recognition to initiate precursor assembly. Beta-barrel precursors...
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The Structure of Intermediate Filaments

The intermediate filaments are one of three widely studied cytoskeletal filaments. They are so named as their diameter (10 nm) is in between that of microfilaments (7 nm) and the microtubules (25 nm).  These filaments are highly stable and can remain intact when exposed to high salt concentrations and detergents. These filaments are responsible for providing stability and mechanical support to the cells. They also help in cell adhesion and maintaining tissue integrity.
Intermediate filaments...
Maturation of Endosomes01:28

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The early endosome containing internalized molecules matures through transformations in its location, morphology, intraluminal pH, and membrane protein composition. Together, these changes result in a more acidic late endosome that contains multiple intraluminal vesicles; therefore, the late endosome is also called a multivesicular body (MVB).
Changes in location
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Clathrin Coated Vesicles

Clathrin-coated vesicles use endocytosis to transport receptors and lysosomal hydrolases from the Golgi to the lysosome in the late secretory pathway. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis was the first described endocytic process, and Clathrin-coated vesicles remain one of the most well-studied transport vesicles. The molecular machinery that generates clathrin-coated vesicles comprises over 50 proteins that precisely coordinate vesicle formation. Cell surface receptors concentrated in indented sites...
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Vesicle budding is orchestrated by distinct cytosolic proteins such as adaptor proteins, coat proteins, and GTPases. To initiate vesicle budding, membrane-bending proteins containing crescent-shaped BAR domains bind to the lipid heads in the bilayer and distort the membrane to form a protein-coated vesicle bud. Adaptors proteins such as AP2 for clathrin-coated vesicles can nucleate on the deformed membrane. Finally, coat proteins such as clathrin or COPI and COPII assemble into a coat forming...

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Applications of pHluorin for Quantitative, Kinetic and High-throughput Analysis of Endocytosis in Budding Yeast
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The structure and function of endophilin proteins.

Ole Kjaerulff1, Lennart Brodin, Anita Jung

  • 1Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark. okjaerulff@sund.ku.dk

Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics
|December 25, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Endophilins, key BAR domain proteins, are crucial for cellular traffic, membrane remodeling, and synaptic vesicle endocytosis. Their molecular functions and disease links, including phosphorylation, are explored.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • BAR domain proteins are vital for cellular transport and membrane dynamics.
  • Endophilins are well-characterized BAR domain proteins involved in key cellular processes.
  • These processes include synaptic vesicle endocytosis, receptor trafficking, and apoptosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of endophilins in cellular traffic and membrane remodeling.
  • To summarize recent findings on the molecular mechanisms of endophilin function.
  • To discuss the impact of endophilin phosphorylation and other regulatory mechanisms in disease.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on endophilins.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms underlying endophilin-mediated membrane remodeling.
  • Discussion of post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, and their role in disease.

Main Results:

  • Endophilins play a central role in synaptic vesicle endocytosis and membrane shaping.
  • Novel insights reveal complex molecular interactions governing endophilin activity.
  • Phosphorylation and other regulatory events are implicated in endophilin function and disease pathogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • Endophilins are critical regulators of membrane dynamics essential for cellular functions.
  • Understanding endophilin's molecular mechanisms provides insights into cellular trafficking and disease.
  • Further research into endophilin regulation, particularly phosphorylation, may reveal therapeutic targets.