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Related Concept Videos

Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process01:10

Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process

Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles under normal conditions. However, the reaction can proceed under drastic conditions involving high temperatures and high pressure to give the substituted products. For example, chlorobenzene is converted to phenol using aqueous sodium hydroxide at 350 °C under high pressure by the Dow process. The reaction follows an elimination-addition mechanism involving a benzyne intermediate. Here, the chloride ion is eliminated to generate the benzyne...
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Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols02:23

Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols

Overview
Alcohols are one of the most important functional groups in organic chemistry. The name of alcohol comes from the hydrocarbon from which it is derived. Alcohols are organic molecules containing the functional hydroxyl or –OH group directly bonded to carbon. Phenols have an OH group directly attached to a benzene ring. While alcohols are colorless, phenol is a white crystalline compound with a characteristic "hospital smell" odor.
As with other organic compounds, alcohols and phenols...
Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols02:36

Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols

Like water, alcohols are weak acids and bases. This is attributed to the polarization of the O–H bond making the hydrogen partially positive. Moreover, the electron pairs on the oxygen atom of alcohol make it both basic and nucleophilic. Protonation of an alcohol converts hydroxide, a poor leaving group, into water—a good one. The two acid–base equilibria corresponding to ethanol are depicted below.
Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview01:32

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview

Cyanohydrins are compounds that contain –CN and –OH groups on the same carbon atom. They are formed by the nucleophilic addition of the cyanide ions to the carbonyl group. Cyanide ions are highly basic and nucleophilic and can be generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. However, since HCN is a weak acid, the number of cyanide ions generated is very small. Hence, a small amount of base or KCN/NaCN is added to HCN to increase the concentration of the cyanide ions in the reaction mixture.
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Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes

An alkene, such as propene, reacts with bromine in the presence of water to yield a halohydrin. Halohydrins contain a halogen and a hydroxyl group attached to adjacent carbons. When the halogen is bromine, it is called a bromohydrin, while a chlorohydrin has chlorine as the halogen.

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2,4-Dichloro-benzaldehyde 2,4-dinitro-phenyl-hydrazone.

Feng-Yu Bao1

  • 1Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|January 5, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The crystal structure of C(13)H(8)Cl(2)N(4)O(4) reveals two similar, nearly planar molecules in its asymmetric unit. Each molecule features an intramolecular hydrogen bond, influencing its molecular conformation.

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Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Molecular Structure

Background:

  • Understanding the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in organic compounds is crucial for predicting their properties and reactivity.
  • The study of molecular symmetry and intermolecular interactions provides insights into crystal packing and material characteristics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine and describe the crystal structure of the title compound, C(13)H(8)Cl(2)N(4)O(4).
  • To analyze the molecular geometry, including planarity and the presence of specific bonding interactions within the crystal lattice.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to collect diffraction data.
  • The crystal structure was solved and refined using standard crystallographic software.

Main Results:

  • The asymmetric unit contains two independent, similar, and nearly planar molecules of C(13)H(8)Cl(2)N(4)O(4).
  • An intramolecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bond was identified within each of the independent molecules, contributing to their stability and conformation.

Conclusions:

  • The crystal structure provides a detailed molecular model for C(13)H(8)Cl(2)N(4)O(4).
  • The presence of intramolecular hydrogen bonds is a key structural feature influencing the molecular conformation and packing in the solid state.