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Related Concept Videos

IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview01:24

IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview

When Infrared (IR) radiation passes through a covalently bonded molecule, the bonds transition from lower to higher vibrational levels. The fundamental vibrational motions that result in infrared absorption can be classified as stretching or bending vibrations.
Stretching vibrations are vibrational motions that occur along the bond line, changing the bond length or distance between two bonded atoms. They are further distinguished as symmetric or asymmetric. In symmetric stretching, the...
Atomic Spectroscopy: Absorption, Emission, and Fluorescence01:23

Atomic Spectroscopy: Absorption, Emission, and Fluorescence

Atomic spectroscopy is a vital tool in elemental analysis, both qualitatively and quantitatively. It can be broadly divided into optical spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, and X-ray spectroscopy methods. The optical spectroscopic methods are atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), and atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS). The first step in all three methods is atomization, where the solid, liquid, or solution-phase samples are converted into gas-phase atoms and...
UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Molecular Electronic Transitions01:16

UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Molecular Electronic Transitions

In Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, the absorption of electromagnetic radiation is used to probe the electronic structure of molecules. This technique provides insights into molecular electronic transitions, particularly the movement of electrons between different molecular orbitals. Radiation is absorbed if the energy of the electromagnetic radiation passing through the molecule is precisely equal to the energy difference between the excited and ground states. During this process,...
UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Woodward–Fieser Rules01:29

UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Woodward–Fieser Rules

UV–Visible absorption spectra of conjugated dienes arise from the lowest energy π → π* transitions. The light-absorbing part of the molecule is called the chromophore, and the substituents directly attached to the chromophore are called auxochromes. A strong correlation exists between the absorption maxima, λmax, and the structure of a conjugated π system. The Woodward–Fieser rules predict the value of λmax for a given structure by adding the contributions...
Ultraviolet and Visible (UV–Vis) Spectroscopy: Overview01:02

Ultraviolet and Visible (UV–Vis) Spectroscopy: Overview

Ultraviolet–visible (UV–visible or UV–Vis) spectroscopy is an analytical technique that investigates the interaction between matter and UV–Vis light within the electromagnetic spectrum. This method is widely used for its versatility, simplicity, and relatively quick data acquisition, making it valuable for both qualitative and quantitative analysis. When UV–Vis radiation passes through a material,  molecules absorb light depending on the energy required for electronic transitions. As a result...
Molecular Spectroscopy: Absorption and Emission01:14

Molecular Spectroscopy: Absorption and Emission

Molecules possess discrete energy levels called quantum states. Unlike atoms, which have simpler energy levels, molecules possess additional rotational and vibrational energy levels. Each energy level is separated by an energy gap, with the gaps between adjacent electronic, vibrational, and rotational levels varying significantly. The three types of energy levels in a diatomic molecule are shown in Figure 1.

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Updated: Jun 5, 2026

A Fluorescence Fluctuation Spectroscopy Assay of Protein-Protein Interactions at Cell-Cell Contacts
08:43

A Fluorescence Fluctuation Spectroscopy Assay of Protein-Protein Interactions at Cell-Cell Contacts

Published on: December 1, 2018

Lessons in fluctuation correlation spectroscopy.

Michelle A Digman1, Enrico Gratton

  • 1Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA.

Annual Review of Physical Chemistry
|January 12, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a new method to detect molecular transport using spatiotemporal correlations over large distances. This image fluctuation analysis technique offers a powerful way to study molecular movement in cells and tissues.

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Spot Variation Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy for Analysis of Molecular Diffusion at the Plasma Membrane of Living Cells
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A Fluorescence Fluctuation Spectroscopy Assay of Protein-Protein Interactions at Cell-Cell Contacts
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Spot Variation Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy for Analysis of Molecular Diffusion at the Plasma Membrane of Living Cells
05:56

Spot Variation Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy for Analysis of Molecular Diffusion at the Plasma Membrane of Living Cells

Published on: November 12, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Cell Biology
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Molecular diffusion and transport are crucial in biological systems.
  • Existing methods for measuring molecular transport are often invasive or limited in scope.
  • Techniques like fluorescence recovery after photobleaching are invasive, and single-point methods are local.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a novel approach for detecting molecular transport using spatiotemporal correlations.
  • To overcome the limitations of current invasive and local measurement techniques.
  • To highlight the evolution and power of image fluctuation analysis for studying molecular dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Exploiting spatiotemporal correlations measured among points at large distances (>1 micrometer).
  • Utilizing microscopy imaging methods to measure fluctuations at multiple locations.
  • Building upon single-point fluorescence fluctuation analysis.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated a method to detect molecular transport by analyzing correlations over extended spatial scales.
  • Showcased the evolution from single-point analysis to multi-location fluctuation measurements.
  • Established image fluctuation analysis as a powerful technique for molecular transport studies.

Conclusions:

  • Spatiotemporal correlation analysis offers a non-invasive and large-scale approach to molecular transport.
  • Image fluctuation analysis provides rich information on molecular concentration and transport in biological systems.
  • This technique enhances our understanding of molecular dynamics within cells and tissues.