Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, high molecular...
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this species into the...
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael acceptor.
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Event-based spatiotemporal networks for modelling emergent phenomena in complex systems.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Risk mapping novel respiratory pathogens with large-scale dynamic contact networks.

Communications medicine·2026
Same author

Critical fragility in sociotechnical systems.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2025
Same author

Domain Growth in Polycrystalline Graphene.

Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)·2023
Same author

Temporal origin of nestedness in interaction networks.

PNAS nexus·2023
Same author

Reducing societal impacts of SARS-CoV-2 interventions through subnational implementation.

eLife·2023
Same journal

The influence of water on the dynamics of alternating polymers P(C<sub>8</sub>EG<sub>4</sub>) and P(C<sub>4</sub>EG<sub>4</sub>) by broadband dielectric spectroscopy.

Journal of physics. Condensed matter : an Institute of Physics journal·2026
Same journal

How surface curvature shapes water nanodroplets in air.

Journal of physics. Condensed matter : an Institute of Physics journal·2026
Same journal

Topological boundaries in non-Hermitian p-wave Kitaev chains with Rashba spin-orbit coupling.

Journal of physics. Condensed matter : an Institute of Physics journal·2026
Same journal

Unravelling the local structure and magnetic dynamics of Cu-doped MnV₂O₄.

Journal of physics. Condensed matter : an Institute of Physics journal·2026
Same journal

Interplay of Anisotropy, Dzyaloshinskii Moriya Interaction and Symmetry breaking Fields in a 2D XY Ferromagnet.

Journal of physics. Condensed matter : an Institute of Physics journal·2026
Same journal

Single-molecule electron transport near a charge-trapping orbital-level alignment.

Journal of physics. Condensed matter : an Institute of Physics journal·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level
06:55

Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level

Published on: September 26, 2016

Probabilistic phase space trajectory description for anomalous polymer dynamics.

Debabrata Panja1

  • 1Institute for Theoretical Physics, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Postbus 94485, 1090 GL Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal
|February 22, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The anomalous dynamics of single polymers are robustly described by fractional Brownian motion (fBm). However, polymer melts show slight deviations from fBm in entangled regimes, indicating complex dynamics beyond simple models.

More Related Videos

Mass-Sensitive Particle Tracking to Characterize Membrane-Associated Macromolecule Dynamics
13:30

Mass-Sensitive Particle Tracking to Characterize Membrane-Associated Macromolecule Dynamics

Published on: February 18, 2022

Confocal Imaging of Confined Quiescent and Flowing Colloid-polymer Mixtures
10:56

Confocal Imaging of Confined Quiescent and Flowing Colloid-polymer Mixtures

Published on: May 20, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level
06:55

Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level

Published on: September 26, 2016

Mass-Sensitive Particle Tracking to Characterize Membrane-Associated Macromolecule Dynamics
13:30

Mass-Sensitive Particle Tracking to Characterize Membrane-Associated Macromolecule Dynamics

Published on: February 18, 2022

Confocal Imaging of Confined Quiescent and Flowing Colloid-polymer Mixtures
10:56

Confocal Imaging of Confined Quiescent and Flowing Colloid-polymer Mixtures

Published on: May 20, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Polymer Physics
  • Statistical Mechanics
  • Soft Matter Science

Background:

  • Anomalous dynamics in polymers are crucial for understanding material properties.
  • The generalized Langevin equation (GLE) has been proposed to describe these dynamics across various polymer systems.
  • Previous models often simplified the complex behavior of polymer chains.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the probability distribution of phase space trajectories for anomalous polymer dynamics.
  • To determine if these dynamics conform to fractional Brownian motion (fBm) across different polymer systems.
  • To identify deviations from fBm in polymer melts within the entangled regime.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of phase space trajectories for various single polymer dynamics (e.g., Rouse, Zimm, reptation, translocation).
  • Application of the generalized Langevin equation framework.
  • Statistical analysis of trajectory distributions to compare with fractional Brownian motion models.

Main Results:

  • The probability distribution of phase space trajectories for classical anomalous dynamics in single polymers aligns with fractional Brownian motion (fBm).
  • Polymer melts in the entangled regime exhibit minor but systematic deviations from fBm.
  • These deviations suggest a departure from fBm as polymer melts transition towards diffusive behavior.

Conclusions:

  • Fractional Brownian motion (fBm) provides a robust description for the anomalous dynamics of single polymers.
  • Polymer melts display more complex dynamics than fBm predicts, especially in the transition from entangled to diffusive regimes.
  • Further theoretical development is needed to fully capture the dynamics of polymer melts.