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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation01:28

Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation

Nuclear relaxation restores the equilibrium population imbalance and can occur via spin–lattice or spin–spin mechanisms, which are first-order exponential decay processes.
In spin–lattice or longitudinal relaxation, the excited spins exchange energy with the surrounding lattice as they return to the lower energy level. Among several mechanisms that contribute to spin–lattice relaxation, magnetic dipolar interactions are significant. Here, the excited nucleus transfers energy to a nearby...
Nuclear Transmutation03:20

Nuclear Transmutation

Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed protons being...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis. This...
Radioactivity and Nuclear Equations03:18

Radioactivity and Nuclear Equations

Nuclear chemistry is the study of reactions that involve changes in nuclear structure. The nucleus of an atom is composed of protons and, except for hydrogen, neutrons. The number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number (Z) of the element, and the sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons is the mass number (A). Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers are isotopes of the same element.
A nuclide of an element has a specific number of protons and...
Nuclear Stability03:18

Nuclear Stability

Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
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High-Resolution Neutron Spectroscopy to Study Picosecond-Nanosecond Dynamics of Proteins and Hydration Water
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k(t) factorization for hard processes in nuclei.

Fabio Dominguez1, Bo-Wen Xiao, Feng Yuan

  • 1Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10027, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|March 17, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study explores two gluon distributions in high-energy particle collisions. It uses jet correlations to analyze the Weizsäcker-Williams and unintegrated gluon distributions in the small-x saturation regime.

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Area of Science:

  • High Energy Physics
  • Quantum Chromodynamics
  • Particle Phenomenology

Background:

  • The small-x saturation regime describes particle behavior at high energies and low momentum fractions.
  • Understanding gluon distributions is crucial for interpreting high-energy scattering data.
  • Two models, Weizsäcker-Williams and unintegrated gluon distributions, are prominent but distinct.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate and differentiate two k(t)-dependent gluon distributions.
  • To utilize two-particle back-to-back correlations as a probe.
  • To distinguish between gluon density and dipole cross-section definitions.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of quark-antiquark jet correlations in deep inelastic scattering.
  • Probing direct photon-jet correlations in proton-nucleus (pA) collisions.
  • Employing theoretical frameworks for k(t)-dependent gluon distributions.

Main Results:

  • The Weizsäcker-Williams gluon distribution was studied via quark-antiquark jet correlations.
  • The unintegrated gluon distribution was probed using direct photon-jet correlations.
  • Distinct experimental signatures for each gluon distribution were identified.

Conclusions:

  • Two-particle correlations provide a powerful tool to distinguish between different gluon distributions.
  • Experimental data can differentiate the Weizsäcker-Williams and unintegrated gluon models.
  • This research advances the understanding of gluon dynamics in the saturation regime.