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Related Concept Videos

Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
Catalysis01:27

Catalysis

Catalysis influences the rate of chemical reactions by providing an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy. A catalyst speeds up a reaction, but it is not consumed during the process. The fundamental principle of catalysis is the ability of a catalyst to alter the reaction mechanism, often introducing a more efficient pathway than the uncatalyzed process.In a catalyzed reaction, the catalyst participates directly in the reaction mechanism. It interacts with reactants to form...
Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation01:28

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...
Cycloaddition Reactions: Overview01:16

Cycloaddition Reactions: Overview

Cycloadditions are one of the most valuable and effective synthesis routes to form cyclic compounds. These are concerted pericyclic reactions between two unsaturated compounds resulting in a cyclic product with two new σ bonds formed at the expense of π bonds. The [4 + 2] cycloaddition, known as the Diels–Alder reaction, is the most common. The other example is a [2 + 2] cycloaddition.

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Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Synthesis and Catalytic Performance of Gold Intercalated in the Walls of Mesoporous Silica
11:02

Synthesis and Catalytic Performance of Gold Intercalated in the Walls of Mesoporous Silica

Published on: July 9, 2015

Heterocycles from gold catalysis.

Matthias Rudolph1, A Stephen K Hashmi

  • 1Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|April 1, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Gold catalysis significantly advances heterocycle synthesis, enabling efficient production of vital compounds for pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. This review highlights key developments in gold-catalyzed reactions directly involving heteroatoms.

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Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Catalysis
  • Medicinal Chemistry

Background:

  • Homogeneous gold catalysis has rapidly grown in prominence over the past decade.
  • Heterocyclic compounds are crucial building blocks in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.
  • Existing synthetic methods for heterocycles are continually being improved.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review significant advancements in synthesizing heterocycles using gold catalysts.
  • To focus on reactions where gold directly interacts with heteroatoms in reactants.
  • To underscore the impact of these developments on drug discovery and agricultural science.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature on gold-catalyzed reactions for heterocycle synthesis.
  • Analysis of reaction mechanisms involving direct heteroatom participation.
  • Categorization of methods based on catalyst type and substrate scope.

Main Results:

  • Numerous novel gold-catalyzed methods for heterocycle synthesis have been developed.
  • These methods offer high efficiency and selectivity for direct heteroatom functionalization.
  • The scope of accessible heterocyclic structures has significantly expanded.

Conclusions:

  • Gold catalysis is a powerful tool for the efficient synthesis of diverse heterocycles.
  • These advancements have a substantial impact on the development of new pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.
  • Continued research in this area promises further innovations in synthetic chemistry.