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Enhanced Rabies Surveillance Using a Direct Rapid Immunohistochemical Test
Published on: April 30, 2019
Malaria surveillance--United States, 2009
Sonja Mali1, Kathrine R Tan, Paul M Arguin
1Division of Parasitic Diseases, Center for Global Health, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA. smali@cdc.gov
Malaria cases in the U.S. increased in 2009, with most imported infections occurring in travelers not adhering to chemoprophylaxis. Inadequate treatment for certain malaria types poses a risk for relapsing infections.
Area of Science:
- Medical Entomology
- Infectious Diseases
- Parasitology
Background:
- Malaria is transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes and caused by Plasmodium parasites.
- U.S. malaria cases are primarily imported through travel, with potential for local transmission.
Observation:
- In 2009, 1,484 malaria cases were reported in the U.S., a 14% increase from 2008.
- Plasmodium falciparum was the most common species identified (46%).
- A significant proportion of U.S. civilians (67%) did not adhere to recommended malaria chemoprophylaxis while traveling.
Findings:
- Imported malaria cases constituted the vast majority (1,478) of the reported cases.
- Adherence to chemoprophylaxis was notably low among travelers visiting friends/relatives and missionaries.
- Inadequate treatment regimens were observed for Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale infections, increasing relapse risk.
Implications:
- Targeted public health messaging is needed for high-risk traveler groups, including those visiting friends/relatives and missionaries.
- Clinician education on malaria prophylaxis, diagnosis, and appropriate treatment is crucial.
- Prompt diagnosis and treatment with correct antimalarial drugs are vital to prevent fatal outcomes and relapsing malaria.
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