Frequency of risk factors in male patients with acute coronary syndrome
Muhammad Asif Bhalli1, Azhar Mehmood Kayani, Naseer Ahmed Samore
1Department of Cardiology, Combined Military Hospital, Abbottabad. asifbhali@yahoo.com
Insights
Dyslipidemia, smoking, hypertension, and diabetes are the most common risk factors for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in men. Public awareness and control of these factors can help reduce the prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD).
Area of Science:
- Cardiology
- Public Health
- Epidemiology
Background:
- Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in men.
- Identifying prevalent risk factors is crucial for effective prevention strategies.
- This study focuses on the epidemiological profile of risk factors in male ACS patients.
Purpose of the Study:
- To determine the frequency of various risk factors in male patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome (ACS).
- To provide data for targeted public health interventions aimed at reducing ACS incidence.
- To understand the common combinations of risk factors in this population.
Main Methods:
- An observational study was conducted at the Armed Forces Institute of Cardiology and National Institute of Heart Diseases.
- Data was collected from male patients diagnosed with ACS between October 2007 and September 2008.
- Risk factors including diabetes, smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia, physical activity, and family history were documented; relevant clinical and biochemical parameters were assessed.
Main Results:
- The study included 135 male patients with ACS, with a mean age of 54.26 years.
- Smoking (44%), hypertension (37%), and diabetes (25.2%) were the most frequently reported individual risk factors.
- A significant proportion of patients were overweight (37.8%) or obese (16.3%), with high waist circumference (>90 cm in 63.6%).
Conclusions:
- Dyslipidemia, smoking, hypertension, and diabetes are identified as the most frequent risk factors for ACS in the studied male population.
- Interventions promoting public awareness and control of these modifiable risk factors are essential for reducing the prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD).
- The high prevalence of obesity and central adiposity underscores the need for lifestyle modification programs.
Objective:
To determine the frequency of risk factors in male patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome.
Study Design:
Observational study.
Place And Duration Of Study:
Armed Forces Institute of Cardiology and National Institute of Heart Diseases, Rawalpindi, from October 2007 to September 2008.
Methodology:
Male patients with acute coronary syndrome were included in this study. Patients having angioplasty (PCI), coronary artery bypass surgery, chronic liver and kidney diseases were excluded. Presence of diabetes, smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia, physical activity, stress, a family history of coronary artery disease (CAD) and medication was documented. Blood pressure, ECG, cardiac enzymes, fasting blood glucose, lipid profile and echocardiography were done within 24 hours of admission. Body mass index and waist circumference were measured. Data was analysed using SPSS-15.
Results:
A total of 135 male patients of ACS were studied having mean age of 54.26±11.60 years. Maximum number of patients aged between 51 to 60 years, (n = 41, 31.9%). STEMI (ST-elevation myocardial infarction) was diagnosed in 96 (71.1%) patients, non-STEMI in 12 (8.9%) while 27 (20%) patients were having unstable angina. Smoking was documented in 60 (44%) patients, hypertension in 50 (37%), diabetes in 34 (25.2%) and a family history of premature CAD was recorded in 24 (17.8%) patients. Fifty one (37.8%) patients were overweight (BMI = 25-29.9) while 22 (16.3%) were obese (BMI ³ 30). Waist circumference > 90 cm was found in 86 (63.6%) subjects. Sixty four (47.4%) patients were active physically. Psychosocial stress was documented in 33 (23.75). Hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia were the most frequent combinations, observed in 24 (17.9%) subjects.
Conclusion:
Dyslipidemia, smoking, hypertension and diabetes were most frequent risk factors. Public awareness to control risk factors can reduce the prevalence of CAD.
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