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Related Concept Videos

Colors and Magnetism03:02

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human eye.
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Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview01:18

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview

Cycloheptatriene is a neutral monocyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon that consists of an odd number of carbon atoms and an intervening sp3 carbon in the ring. The three double bonds in the ring correspond to 6 π electrons, which is a Huckel number, and therefore satisfies the criteria of 4n + 2 π electrons. However, the intervening sp3 carbon disrupts the continuous overlap of p orbitals. As a result, cycloheptatriene is not aromatic.
Removing one hydrogen from the intervening CH2 group with both...
Coordination Number and Geometry02:57

Coordination Number and Geometry

For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to molecular geometry. The most common structures of the complexes in coordination compounds are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar.
Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature02:54

Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature

In most main group element compounds, the valence electrons of the isolated atoms combine to form chemical bonds that satisfy the octet rule. For instance, the four valence electrons of carbon overlap with electrons from four hydrogen atoms to form CH4. The one valence electron leaves sodium and adds to the seven valence electrons of chlorine to form the ionic formula unit NaCl (Figure 1a). Transition metals do not normally bond in this fashion. They primarily form coordinate covalent bonds, a...

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Bis(2-chloro-1,10-phenanthroline-κN,N')(thio-cyanato-κN)zinc (2-chloro-1,10-phenanthroline-κN,N')tris-(thio-cyanato-κN)zincate.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online·2012
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[2-(3,5-Dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl-κN)-1,10-phenanthroline-κN,N']bis-(nitrito-κO,O')cadmium(II).

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online·2011
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Bis[2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl-κN)-1,10-phenanthroline-κN,N']zinc(II) bis-(perchlorate).

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online·2011
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[2-(3,5-Dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl-κN)-1,10-phenanthroline-κN,N']bis-(thio-cyanato-κN)cadmium(II).

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online·2011
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Di-μ-nitrito-κO:O,O';κO,O':O-bis-{[2,6-bis-(pyrazol-1-yl-κN)pyridine-κN](nitrito-κO,O')cadmium(II)}.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Synthesis of Triazole and Tetrazole-Functionalized Zr-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks Through Post-Synthetic Ligand Exchange
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Synthesis of Triazole and Tetrazole-Functionalized Zr-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks Through Post-Synthetic Ligand Exchange

Published on: June 23, 2023

Poly[tris-[μ(2)-2-(pyrazol-1-yl)pyrazine]hexa-μ(1,3)-thio-cyanato-tricadmium(II)].

Lin Yan Yang1, Jing Min Shi

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|May 18, 2011
PubMed
Summary

This study details the crystal structure of a novel cadmium coordination polymer. The structure features bridging thiocyanate ligands and chelating 2-(pyrazol-1-yl)pyrazine ligands, forming a 2D network.

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Accessing Valuable Ligand Supports for Transition Metals: A Modified, Intermediate Scale Preparation of 1,2,3,4,5-Pentamethylcyclopentadiene
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Accessing Valuable Ligand Supports for Transition Metals: A Modified, Intermediate Scale Preparation of 1,2,3,4,5-Pentamethylcyclopentadiene

Published on: March 20, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Coordination Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Understanding the assembly of metal-organic frameworks is crucial for developing new materials.
  • Cadmium(II) ions are versatile building blocks in coordination chemistry.
  • Thiocyanate and nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ligands offer diverse coordination modes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize a novel two-dimensional coordination polymer of Cadmium(II).
  • To elucidate the crystal structure and coordination environment of the metal ions.
  • To investigate the role of ligands in forming the extended network.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was used to determine the crystal structure.
  • The asymmetric unit was analyzed to understand the coordination geometry.
  • Ligand coordination modes and bridging interactions were identified.

Main Results:

  • The crystal structure of [Cd(3)(NCS)(6)(C(7)H(6)N(4))(2)](n) was determined.
  • Two independent Cadmium(II) ions exhibit distorted octahedral coordination.
  • Thiocyanate ligands bridge Cadmium(II) ions, and 2-(pyrazol-1-yl)pyrazine ligands chelate and link metal centers, forming a 2D network parallel to the (211) plane.

Conclusions:

  • The study successfully synthesized and characterized a novel 2D Cadmium(II) coordination polymer.
  • The coordination behavior of thiocyanate and 2-(pyrazol-1-yl)pyrazine ligands dictates the formation of the extended structure.
  • This work contributes to the understanding of structure-property relationships in metal-organic materials.