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Related Concept Videos

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction01:23

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:22

Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...
Rheumatic Heart Disease III: Medical Management01:21

Rheumatic Heart Disease III: Medical Management

Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) management can be divided into two main strategies: prevention and long-term management.Primary PreventionPrimary prevention focuses on timely diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis to prevent acute rheumatic fever. The most widely used antibiotic for treating this condition is intramuscular benzathine penicillin G.Acute Rheumatic Fever TreatmentThe primary treatment goal for a patient diagnosed with acute rheumatic fever is to suppress the...
Rheumatic Heart Disease IV: Nursing Management01:20

Rheumatic Heart Disease IV: Nursing Management

AssessmentA comprehensive assessment is essential in managing a patient with rheumatic heart disease (RHD). Begin with obtaining a detailed medical history, including recent streptococcal infections, a history of rheumatic fever, or previously diagnosed rheumatic heart disease. Assess the patient for symptoms such as fever, chest pain, widespread joint pain (arthralgia), tachycardia, pericardial friction rub, muffled heart sounds, heart murmurs, peripheral edema, subcutaneous nodules, and...
Endocarditis II: Clinical Features of Infective Endocarditis01:25

Endocarditis II: Clinical Features of Infective Endocarditis

Endocarditis can present various clinical features depending on the causative organism and the patient's underlying health conditions. Initially, the clinical features of infective endocarditis develop gradually, presenting with nonspecific symptoms that can be easily mistaken for other illnesses.General SymptomsEarly symptoms of infective endocarditis are fever, chills, weakness, malaise, fatigue, and weight loss. These symptoms reflect the systemic nature of the infection and the body's...
Streptococcal Pharyngitis01:27

Streptococcal Pharyngitis

Streptococcal pharyngitis, commonly known as “strep throat,” is an acute infection of the oropharyngeal tissues caused by the Gram‑positive Group A Streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes). Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets expelled during coughing, sneezing, or talking.Mechanisms of Host Entry and Immune EvasionUpon entering the host, S. pyogenes adheres to the mucosal epithelial cells of the pharynx via surface proteins, notably lipoteichoic acid and the antiphagocytic...

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An Adoptive Transfer Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Mice
07:37

An Adoptive Transfer Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Mice

Published on: June 6, 2025

Cutting edge issues in rheumatic fever.

Christopher Chang1

  • 1Division of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Nemours/A.I. Dupont Children's Hospital, 1600 Rockland Road, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA. cchang@nemours.com

Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology
|May 21, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Preventing acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease requires global efforts. A group A streptococcus vaccine remains elusive, but antibiotic access and improved living conditions are crucial for high-risk populations.

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Cardiology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease persist globally, particularly in developing nations and genetically susceptible groups.
  • These conditions are linked to poverty, socioeconomic status, and limited healthcare access, necessitating targeted prevention programs.
  • Group A streptococcal vaccine development has faced challenges for over 50 years.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss current and recent advancements in the diagnosis, pathogenesis, and management of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease.
  • To highlight the unmet need for effective prevention strategies, especially in resource-limited settings.
  • To review the obstacles and potential future directions for group A streptococcal vaccine development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease.
  • Analysis of factors hindering group A streptococcal vaccine development.
  • Discussion of current and emerging diagnostic and management strategies.

Main Results:

  • No group A streptococcal vaccine is currently available due to challenges like potential vaccine-induced rheumatic heart disease and serological subtype diversity.
  • Antibiotic prophylaxis remains a cornerstone of primary and secondary prevention.
  • Improved living conditions and hygiene are vital for controlling streptococcal infections.

Conclusions:

  • A group A streptococcal vaccine offers the best long-term prospect for eradicating rheumatic fever.
  • Continued antibiotic use and improved healthcare access are essential immediate interventions.
  • Multifaceted approaches, including socioeconomic improvements, are critical for global prevention efforts.