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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...

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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

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Published on: March 17, 2023

Autoimmune alternating hypo- and hyperthyroidism in children.

Revi P Mathew1, Daniel J Moore

  • 1Monore Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt, Nashville, TN 37232-9170, USA.

Clinical Pediatrics
|June 25, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reports the first cases of autoimmune alternating hypo- and hyperthyroidism in children, caused by thyroid antibodies. Total thyroidectomy offered stable management with levothyroxine replacement therapy.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Endocrinology
  • Autoimmune Diseases
  • Thyroid Disorders

Background:

  • Autoimmune thyroid disease can manifest as hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism.
  • Alternating hypo- and hyperthyroidism due to thyroid antibodies is documented in adults.
  • Pediatric cases of this specific autoimmune thyroid condition are rare.

Observation:

  • Two children presented with fluctuating thyroid function (hypo- and hyperthyroidism).
  • The condition was linked to the presence of both blocking and stimulating thyroid antibodies.
  • Standard single-drug therapy proved insufficient for adequate thyroid function control.

Findings:

  • Both children required total thyroidectomy for management.
  • Post-surgical treatment with levothyroxine replacement therapy resulted in stable thyroid function.
  • This represents the first documented instance of this autoimmune thyroidism presentation in pediatric patients.

Implications:

  • Highlights the potential for alternating autoimmune thyroidism in children.
  • Suggests total thyroidectomy as a viable management option when medical therapy fails.
  • Emphasizes the need for careful monitoring and tailored treatment strategies in pediatric autoimmune thyroid disorders.