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Related Concept Videos

Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane01:26

Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane

Proteins and neurotransmitters in secretory vesicles can be released from a cell upon vesicle docking, priming, and fusion with the plasma membrane. Vesicles are docked and primed in preparation for the quick exocytosis of their contents in response to a stimulus. The fusion process is mainly carried out by a SNAP Receptor or SNARE complex, consisting of synaptobrevin, syntaxin-1, and SNAP-25.
In 1993, Jim Rothman proposed that the antiparallel pairing of vesicular and transmembrane SNAREs, or...
Vesicular Tubular Clusters01:45

Vesicular Tubular Clusters

After budding out from the ER membrane, some COPII vesicles lose their coat and fuse with one another to form larger vesicles and interconnected tubules called vesicular tubular clusters or VTCs. These clusters constitute a compartment at the ER-Golgi interface known as ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment). The ERGIC is a mobile membrane-bound cargo transport system that sorts proteins secreted from ER and delivers them to the Golgi.
With the help of motor proteins such...
SNAREs and Membrane Fusion01:43

SNAREs and Membrane Fusion

Once a transport vesicle has recognized its target organelle, the vesicular membrane needs to fuse with the target membrane to unload the cargo. Transmembrane proteins called SNAREs present on organelle membranes and their vesicles, mediate vesicle fusion.
SNAREs exist in pairs that symmetrically interact and catalyze the fusion of the lipid bilayers in vesicle and target organelle. v-SNARE in the vesicle membrane are single polypeptide chains that bind to a complementary t-SNARE, composed of 2...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Reporter Genes02:11

Reporter Genes

Reporter genes are a type of protein-coding gene that are often tagged to a gene of interest. Once inside a target cell, reporter genes usually produce visually identifiable characteristics like fluorescence and luminescence when expressed along with the gene of interest. Thus, reporter genes “report” the presence or absence of genes of interest in an organism, determine the gene expression pattern, or track the physical location of a DNA segment or protein in the cell.
Commonly used reporter...
Insulin Secretory Vesicles01:05

Insulin Secretory Vesicles

Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 29, 2026

Analysis of SNARE-mediated Membrane Fusion Using an Enzymatic Cell Fusion Assay
09:19

Analysis of SNARE-mediated Membrane Fusion Using an Enzymatic Cell Fusion Assay

Published on: October 19, 2012

Programmed vesicle fusion triggers gene expression.

Filippo Caschera1, Takeshi Sunami, Tomoaki Matsuura

  • 1Center for Fundamental Living Technology (FLinT), Institute of Physics and Chemistry, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
|September 20, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Charged amphiphiles regulate reactions within phospholipid vesicles. Cationic amphiphiles inhibit, while anionic ones activate, enabling controlled biochemical networks and artificial cell metabolism.

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The Encapsulation of Cell-free Transcription and Translation Machinery in Vesicles for the Construction of Cellular Mimics

Published on: October 21, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Synthetic Biology

Background:

  • Phospholipid vesicles are crucial for encapsulating biochemical reactions.
  • Controlling membrane properties is key to regulating encapsulated processes.
  • External factors can influence vesicle-based reaction dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of charged amphiphiles on encapsulated reactions.
  • To demonstrate regulation of hydrolysis and gene expression within vesicles.
  • To explore vesicle fusion as a mechanism for initiating reactions.

Main Methods:

  • Incorporation of cationic and anionic amphiphiles into phospholipid vesicles.
  • Assaying β-glucuronidase hydrolysis and in vitro gene expression.
  • Co-culturing distinct vesicle populations for controlled fusion and reaction initiation.

Main Results:

  • Cationic amphiphiles inhibited encapsulated reactions.
  • Anionic amphiphiles reversed the inhibition and activated reactions.
  • Selective fusion of oppositely charged vesicle populations initiated encapsulated reactions.

Conclusions:

  • Charged amphiphiles effectively modulate vesicle-based biochemical reactions.
  • Vesicle fusion offers a mechanism for controlled reaction initiation in artificial cells.
  • This approach provides a rudimentary yet effective method for regulating metabolism in dynamic artificial cell models.